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Graphene and Its Derivatives: Synthesis and Applications with good energy storage capacity. GO-based supercapacitors and lithium-ion bat- teries possess high-energy storage capacity, long life span, and good cycle stability. 4.3 Water purification As far, back as the 1960s [21], scientists have started studying graphite oxide usage in desalination of water. In 2011, some group of researchers employed the principle of reverse osmosis using GO to achieve the same goal [22]. It was discov- ered that graphite allows water to pass through but retain some larger ions [23]. Its narrow mono- or bilayer capillaries allow water but restrain heavy ions. Moreover, in the year 2015, a group of scientists also purified water using graphene tea by removing 95% of heavy metal ions in water solution [24]. It was reported that in 2006, engineers fabricated graphene-based thin film powered by solar energy that possesses the quality of filtering dirty and salty water. These films are non-heavy and can be easily produced on a large scale [24]. 4.4 Biomedical applications Graphite and its derivative like GO are widely used in the biomedical field as a constituent in the drug delivery system. Magnetite stacked with GO and doxoru- bicin hydrochloride (DXR) drug adsorbed onto the system is used as anticancer treatment by targeting it to a specific site to kill cancer cells. 4.5 Biosensors Graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide have been incorporated into many gadgets. These GO-/rGO-based gadgets are fabricated with the quality to identify biologically significant molecules. GO/rGO uses fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) characteristics to work effectively as a biosensor. 4.6 Elemental storage All elements that form part of GO or rGO functional groups can be effectively stored in their sheets and extracted later for use and are also being explored for their applications in hydrogen storage. 4.7 Plasmonics Recently, the science of plasmonics discovered that near field infrared optical microscopy [25] and infrared spectroscopy [26] of graphene provide accommoda- tions for plasmonic surface mode [27]. 4.8 Lubricant Scientists recently found out that graphene lubricants perform better than regularly used graphite lubricants. A graphene lubricant applied to a ball and bear- ing roller or steel ball and steel disc lasted for 6500 cycles, while our usually used graphite lubricants lasted only for 1000 cycles [24]. 4.9 Radio wave absorption A heavenly crammed graphene layer deposited on glass substrates absorbs radio waves of the wavelength range of 125–165 GHz bandwidth by 90% [24]. In our 6PDF Image | Graphene and Its Applications
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