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Nanomaterials 2020, 10, 1763 9 of 24 Moreover, the antimicrobial activity can be used to fight and control fungal pathogens. Jebril et al. green synthesized AgNPs using the leaf extract of Melia azedarach to evaluate its antifungal activity. The researchers reported high efficiency against Verticillium dahliae in eggplant at a concentration of 20 ppm [141]. Besides, Balasubramanian et al. produced AuNPs from the leaf extract of Jasminum auriculatum, which displayed antifungal activity against Aspergillus fumigatus, a very common pathogen in cultivated fields [142]. Furthermore, nanocoatings containing AuNPs and AgNPs have been applied to food contact surfaces and for packaging, taking advantage of their antimicrobial properties. This technology slows down chemical oxidation and degradation processes induced by microorganisms, extending the shelf life of packed crops and other food products [143,144]. 4.2. Water Treatment Water quality is fundamental for developing agricultural labors, but also wastewater treatment is worth bringing into the discussion since agricultural labors use about 70% of the renewable water sources worldwide [145]. Heavy metals, fertilizers, and pesticides employed for agricultural activity have reduced the supply of pure water for drinking and crop irrigation [146]. Nanotechnology can take an important part of a sustainable productivity system, ensuring its quality and purity. The most attractive and cost-effective nanomaterials for environmental protection and water remediation processes are derived from noble metals. In this application, the high surface area to volume ratio, chemical stability, and enhanced catalytic activity properties from plant extract-mediated green synthesized AuNPs and AgNPs can be employed for water monitoring, purification, drinking water treatment, and agriculture wastewater treatment [147,148]. Moreover, research groups have taken advantage of the different properties exhibited by these NPs, including their high reactivity for identifying toxic substances, such as pesticides and heavy metals (e.g., lead, mercury and cadmium), by incorporating them into sensors for the rapid detection of these chemicals [149,150]. Water and wastewater detoxification can be achieved by adsorption, photocatalytic degradation, and nanofiltration techniques using NPs as well [151]. Different authors have described the process of pesticide mineralization in water using AuNPs and AgNPs, such as chlorpyrifos, malathion, and atrazine [152]. Pesticides extraction is achieved by their adsorption onto NPs, which retain them on their surface, interacting for long periods until the complex precipitates. Therefore, these NPs represent a suitable, convenient, and cost-effect means of removing pesticides for either drinking water or irrigation labors [152,153]. Moreover, AuNPs and AgNPs are considered an interesting approach for heavy metals elimination in water due to their high adsorption capacity [154]. In addition to that, water pollution with bacterial pathogens represents a high risk for water-borne, food-borne, and plant diseases. The antimicrobial properties of metal NPs have been reported to be effective in this type of water purification [155]. Francis et al. synthesized AuNPs and AgNPs from the leaf extract of Mussaenda glabrata and evaluated their capacity to inhibit pathogenic microorganisms. The NPs showed outstanding antimicrobial activity against P. aeruginosa, E. coli, A. niger, and Penicillium chrysogenum [156]. Besides, their catalytic capacities make them suitable for dye degradation, such as reported by Veisi et al. in their research, where green synthesized AgNPs from the leaf extract of Thymbra spicata decreased different dyes, such as nitrophenol, rhodamin, and methylene blue [157]. 4.3. Development and Delivery of Nanofertilizers, Nanopesticides, and Nanoherbicides Agricultural labors are unimaginable without the use of fertilizers for crop nutrition, as well as pesticides and herbicides for protecting crops and plants from several insect pests and plant diseases that continuously hamper the activity, causing high economic loss and food security issues. However, the use of these types of substances has resulted in huge ecotoxicological effects, microbial resistance to agrochemicals, and even accumulation in the human organism [158]. In this sense, nanotechnology can provide specific applications for sustainable development through nanofertilizers, nanopesticides, and nanoherbicides by developing smart delivery systems [159]. Scientists have designed nanocapsules using AuNPs and AgNPs to provide better control of nutrients, increasing the efficacy compared toPDF Image | Green Synthesis of Gold and Silver Nanoparticles from Plant Extracts
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