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sensors Letter Characterization and Miniaturization of Silver-Nanoparticle Microcoil via Aerosol Jet Printing Techniques for Micromagnetic Cochlear Stimulation Ressa Reneth Sarreal and Pamela Bhatti * College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA; rsarreal3@gatech.edu * Correspondence: pamela.bhatti@ece.gatech.edu Received: 18 September 2020; Accepted: 20 October 2020; Published: 26 October 2020 Abstract: According to the National Institute of Deafness and other Communication Disorders 2012 report, the number of cochlear implant (CI) users is steadily increasing from 324,000 CI users worldwide. The cochlea, located in the inner ear, is a snail-like structure that exhibits a tonotopic geometry where acoustic waves are filtered spatially according to frequency. Throughout the cochlea, there exist hair cells that transduce sensed acoustic waves into an electrical signal that is carried by the auditory nerve to ultimately reach the auditory cortex of the brain. A cochlear implant bridges the gap if non-functional hair cells are present. Conventional CIs directly inject an electrical current into surrounding tissue via an implanted electrode array and exploit the frequency-to-place mapping of the cochlea. However, the current is dispersed in perilymph, a conductive bodily fluid within the cochlea, causing a spread of excitation. Magnetic fields are more impervious to the effects of the cochlear environment due to the material properties of perilymph and surrounding tissue, demonstrating potential to improve precision. As an alternative to conventional CI electrodes, the development and miniaturization of microcoils intended for micromagnetic stimulation of intracochlear neural elements is described. As a step toward realizing a microcoil array sized for cochlear implantation, human-sized coils were prototyped via aerosol jet printing. The batch reproducible aerosol jet printed microcoils have a diameter of 1800 μm, trace width and trace spacing of 112.5 μm, 12 μm thickness, and inductance values of approximately 15.5 nH. Modelling results indicate that the coils have a combined depolarization–hyperpolarization region that spans 1.5 mm and produce a more restrictive spread of activation when compared with conventional CI. Keywords: sensor applications; aerosol jet printing; cochlear stimulation; microcoil 1. Introduction The cochlea, located in the inner ear, is a snail-like structure that exhibits a tonotopic geometry where acoustic waves are filtered spatially according to frequency (Figure 1). Throughout the cochlea, there exist hair cells that transduce sensed acoustic waves into an electrical signal that is carried by the auditory nerve to ultimately reach the auditory cortex of the brain. Thus, without functioning hair cells, hearing is imperfect or impossible. A cochlear implant bridges the gap caused by non-functional hair cells, by triggering action potentials, defined as electrical signals produced by nearby neurons, and thereby replaces a lost sensation of sound. Conventional cochlear implants (CIs) directly inject an electrical current into the surrounding tissue via implanted electrode arrays. In turn, action potentials are elicited, carried along the auditory pathway, and perceived by the brain as sound. Over 324,000 of people worldwide are CI users [1], and while many CI users achieve strong speech perception scores, there remains significant variability. One possible challenge is the spread of cochlear activation Sensors 2020, 20, 6087; doi:10.3390/s20216087 www.mdpi.com/journal/sensorsPDF Image | Silver-Nanoparticle Microcoil via Aerosol Jet Printing
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