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250 KHODASHENAS et al., Orient. J. Chem., Vol. 31(Spl Edn.), 249-257 (2015) Ramshaw 7. Keller and Bryan (2000) , highlighted the fact that growing worldwide competition will necessitate major changes in the way plants are designed. These authors expressed seven key themes that would mould developments in industry. The key themes are mentioned below 8,9. ́ Capital investment reduction ́ Energy use reduction ́ Raw material cost reduction ́ Increased process flexibility and inventory reduction ́ Ever greater emphasis on process safety ́ Increased attention to quality ́ Better environmental performance Process intensification aims to make dramatic reductions in plant volume, ideally between 100- and 1000-fold, by replacing the traditional unit operations with novel, usually very compact designs, often by combining two or more traditional operations in one hybrid unit , to develop and use multifunctional devices for performing heat and mass transfer, separation, extraction and mixing operations 7,10. In order to develop the Process intensification, all the operation systems such as : reactors, mixers, heat exchangers, distillation columns, separators and etc., are required to be intensified 7. Figure 1 shows the classification of PI equipment and methods. Process intensification (PI) has four goals: 1. To maximize the effectiveness of intra- and intermolecular effects, 2 & 3. To optimize the driving forces/maximize specific interfacial areas, and 4. to maximize the synergistic effects of partial processes 11. There are two major objectives for process intensification: 1. Process miniaturization: To achieve process miniaturization, two different approaches can be employed. The first approach involves reduction in equipment size through higher intensities for mixing and heat and mass transfer, such as centrifugal fields for example. The second approach involves reduction in equipment size through the use of smaller scales of internal structure, such as micro reactors and 2. Process integration: to achieve process integration, multiple process tasks can be combined in a single piece of equipment For example the combination of reaction and separation steps in the same equipment 12. The advantages of PI is shown in Fig. 2. Fig. 1: Classification of PI Using Process intensification in the Synthesis of Nanoparticles Nanoparticles are the simplest form of structures with sizes in the range of 1-100 nm. equipment and methods 13, 14 Nanomaterials may provide solutions to technological and environmental challenges in the areas of solar energy conversion, catalysis, medicine, and water treatment 15. Nowadays,PDF Image | Process Intensification for the Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles
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