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Molecules 2020, 25, 4613 3 of 36 (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR) and peroxidase (PRXs) [24]. However, under the oxidative stress condition of excessive reactive oxygen, the defense ability will be greatly reduced [25]. It has been proved that polyphenols can restore equilibrium by increasing the activity of SOD, CAT, GPx, GR and PRXs, thus preventing systemic or local inflammation [26]. The antioxidant activity of plant polyphenol extracts has been extensively studied in different biological systems (Table 1). Table 1. Antioxidant activities of some extracts/compounds from plants. Polyphenols Extracts of Hippophae species Extracts of sweet potato leaves Polyphenols from stevia rebaudiana Curcumin Extracts of Nymphaea nouchali leaf Persimmon vinegar polyphenols Anthocyanins Grape seed extract (−)-Epicatechin and procyanidin Extracts of blueberries Extracts of pine Extracts of tea * DPPH, 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid; FRAP, fluorescence recovery after photobleaching; T-AOC, total antioxidant capacity; TEAC, trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity. Antioxidant Activity Regulate enzyme activity, affect the antioxidant reaction of cells Decrease the level of intracellular ROS Radical scavenging, regulate enzyme activity Direct reaction with free radicals, regulation of antioxidant-related enzyme activity and gene expression Reducing DNA damage and attenuating oxidative stress-induced cell death Activate of the Nrf2 antioxidative pathway Radical scavenging, reduce the catalytic effect of metal ions Decrease the oxidized LDL in plasma, regulate enzyme activity Preservatives for fruit, radical scavenging Regulate enzyme activity, chelate trace metals, regulate miRNA Radical scavenging, the skin against oxygen reactive species Increase antioxidant enzyme activity, inhibit lipid peroxidation, radical scavenging Detection Method * DPPH assay Photochemiluminescence assay, ORAC assay DPPH assay, ABTS assay DPPH assay, ABTS assay, total phenolic content assays FRAP assay, ORAC assay, DPPH assay Fluorescent probe method, DPPH assay, total phenolic content assays DPPH assay, T-AOC assay, ABTS assay, FRAP assay Antioxidant enzyme activity, DPPH assay, ORAC assay, ABTS assay DPPH assay, hydroxyl radical scavenging capacity method, superoxide anion radical method FRAP assay, DPPH assay, ABTS assay DPPH assay, superoxide anion radical method, hydroxyl radical scavenging capacity method DPPH assay, FRAP assay, TEAC assay References [27,28] [29,30] [31,32] [33–35] [36] [37–39] [40–42] [43–45] [46,47] [48,49] [50,51] [52,53] 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl; ORAC, oxygen radical absorbance capacity; ABTS,PDF Image | Nanoformulations to Enhance the Bioavailability and Physiological Functions of Polyphenols
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