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Molecules 2020, 23, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 36 Molecules 2020, 25, 4613 2 of 36 biologically active ingredients, including various polyphenols [12–15]. The size of nanoparticles and nanocarriers is in the range of 1–100 nm [16]. By loading phenolic compounds into nanoparticles, not nanocarriers is in the range of 1–100 nm [16]. By loading phenolic compounds into nanoparticles, only can their bioavailability be improved, but also the controlled/targeted release and protection of not only can their bioavailability be improved, but also the controlled/targeted release and protection active substances can be achieved [17]. In recent years, many nanoparticles have been developed for of active substances can be achieved [17]. In recent years, many nanoparticles have been developed for the delivery of polyphenolic compounds, including liposomes, phospholipid complexes, niosomes, the delivery of polyphenolic compounds, including liposomes, phospholipid complexes, niosomes, protein-based nanoparticles, micelles, emulsions and metal nanoparticles. protein-based nanoparticles, micelles, emulsions and metal nanoparticles. This review first summarizes the biological activities of polyphenolic compounds, and then This review first summarizes the biological activities of polyphenolic compounds, and then introduces the application of a variety of nanoparticles to improve their bioavailability (Figure 1). introduces the application of a variety of nanoparticles to improve their bioavailability (Figure 1). Figure 1. Schematic representation of nanoformulations to enhance the bioavailability and physiological Figure 1. Schematic representation of nanoformulations to enhance the bioavailability and physiological functions of polyphenols. 2. Bioactivities of Polyphenols With the continuous emergence of the benefits of polyphenols, there is growing interest in the studyWoifthitsthbeioclongtiicnaul oauctsiveimtiesrg, seunche oafs tahnetiboexnidefaintst,ohfepaortlyprhoetencotliso,nt,hcearneciesrgprorewvienngtiionntearnesdt ninertvhe pstruotdeyctoiofni.tsPboiloylpohgeicnaollsacptliavyitiaens,irsruecphlaacseabnlteioroxilde aintm, heedaicrtinper,ofoteocdti,ohne,aclathncperrodpurecvtsenantidonotahnedr finelrdvse. protection. Polyphenols play an irreplaceable role in medicine, food, health products and other fields. 2.1. Antioxidant Activity impoArtamnotnacgtiavliltibeiso,laongdichaalsabcetievniteiexsteonfsipvheleynsotluicdiceodm,ipnoclunddins,gasncativoexnidgaingtfarceteivraitdyiciaslso,ninehoifbitisngmtohset oimxipdoartitoantoafcltiipviidtiseas,nadnrdedhuascibnegetnhexftoernmsiavteiolynsotfuhdyieddr,oignecnlupdeirnogxisdcae,vetncg. iPnhgefnroeelicracdoimcaplso,uindhsibhitaivneg stihgenoifixcidanatioantoiofxlipdiadnstapnrdopredrtuiecsin,gasthtehefosrtmruactitounreocfohnytdarinosgeanlpaergroexniduem,ebtecr.Pohfehnyodlircocxoymlgproouunpdss, whahvicehsihgansifaicagnretatnitnioflxuidenancetpornoptheertiaebsi,liatsythtoesctrauvcetnugrecfroenetariandsiacallasrgaendnucmheblearteofmheytdalroioxnylsg[r1o8u,1p9s],. Pwohlyicphhhenasolascgarenanteinuftlruaelinzceefroenetrhaediacbailsitybytoprsocavvideingeeflrecetrroandsicoarlshaynddrocgheenlaatteomestatoliaonvsar[i1e8ty,19o]f. rPeoalcytpivheenooxlysgceannsnpeuctierasli(zReOfSre).eAracdtiincgalsasbympetraolviodningchelleacttirnognsagoernhtsy,dproglyepnhaetnoomls ctoanatvranriseftoyrmof prearoctxiivdeesoxoyrgmenetsapleocxieidse(sRiOntSo).sAtacbtliengsuabsstmanectaelsiaondctheulastidnigsruagpetntthse, porolylipfehreantoiolsncsatangteraonfslfioprimd apuetrotxriodpehsicorchmaientarleaocxtiidoenssi[n2t0o,2s1t]a.bPleresvuiobustsasntcuedsieasndhatvheushdoiwsrnupthtatthseopmreolflifaevraotnionidstcaagne doifrelicptliyd sacuatvoetrnogpehpicercohxaiidnerse,awcthiiolneso[t2h0e,r2s1h].aPvreevthioeuasbsiltiutyditeosshcavensgheowanstrthoantgsoxmyegeflna-vdoenriovideds cfraenedrairdeicctalyl (scuacvhenasgepepreorxoyxniditersit,ew) thoilienhoitbhietrlsowha-dventshietyalbipiloitpyrototesicna(vLeDnLge) oaxsidtraotniogno[x2y2g].eInt-idsetriuvedthfartepehreandoicliacl c(osumcphoausnpdesroaxryengitoroitde)atnotinohxibdiatnlotsw, -hdoewnseivtyerl,ipwohpernoteloinsi(nLgDeLle)cotxriodnastiorna[2c2ti]n.gItaistreudeuthciantgphagenenoltisc, tchoemmpoulencdusleasrethgeomosdelavnetsiowxiidllabnetsc,ohnovweervtedr,iwnthoenfreloesrinagdieclaelcst,raondsothreacitnintegracstiroendsucwinitghatgraentssit,itohne meotlaelciuolneswthiellmaslseolvlesadwtiolltbhecfornmvearttieodn oinftporfor-eoexirdaadnictasl[s2,3a]n. dThthereeifnotrer,aitctiisonescwesistahrytratonsuintidoenrsmtaentadl cionrrsecwtliyllitaslsaoctlievaitdytaondthceonfotromlaitsiodnosoafgperroe-aosxoindabnltys.[23]. Therefore, it is necessary to understand correTchtleyibtsalacnticveityofanthdecoonxtirdoaltiitvsedodseafgeenrseasmonecahbalyn.ism in human cells is maintained by the enzymatic redox system, which mainly includes catalase (CAT), hydrogen peroxide dismutase functions of polyphenols. 2. Bioactivities of Polyphenols 2.1. Antioxidant Activity Among all biological activities of phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity is one of its mostPDF Image | Nanoformulations to Enhance the Bioavailability and Physiological Functions of Polyphenols
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