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Energies 2022, 15, 6347 2 of 15 is transferred to the air and stores the excess electricity energy from power grid at off- peak times, and the LNG cold energy and stored liquid air generate electricity at on-peak times. Moreover, many other studies have proven the extremely high exergy efficiency and round-trip efficiency of this complicated system. In the LNG–LAES system, the air is compressed through multiple stages, and then exchanges heat with LNG or other cold energy storage medium, before being successfully liquified [5]. Commonly, to increase the compression efficiency of the compressor, a heat exchanger is mounted between each stage of the compressor to cool the inlet air and improve the compressor efficiency. In this study, a PCHE is utilized for the first time to cool the compressor inlet air, considering that the traditional shell and tube heat exchanger cannot meet the requirements of the small footprint characteristic of the liquid air energy storage system. Recently, PCHE has been extensively used in areas requiring efficient heat transfer. It was invented by Sydney University, and it is used in refrigeration and the oil chemical industry. Its channel is generated through photochemical etching, and its module is made through welding. The diameter of the channel is between 0.5 and 2 mm with the heat exchange area per unit volume reaching 2500 m2/m3. In the same heat transfer conditions, the volume of the PCHE is smaller than the traditional shell and tube heat exchanger by 85% [6]. Natesan et al. [7] compared the heat transfer areas of the PCHE and shell-and- tube heat exchanger. It is found that the volume of PCHE was 1/30 of shell-and-tube heat exchanger with bare tubes and 1/5 of shell-and-tube heat exchanger with internally and externally finned tubes [8]. Moreover, the strength of welding spot was close to the parent metal when the diffusion welding was adopted. Therefore, PCHE can withstand temperatures as high as 900 ◦C and pressures as high as 60 MPa [6], and it is suitable for use in the area of high-pressure fluid heat transfer. Many researchers have investigated the thermal–hydraulic performance of PCHE. Yang et al. [9] experimentally studied the flow and heat transfer characteristics of S-CO2 in a rhombic fin channel, and they found that the rhombic fin channel can realize the heat transfer rate per unit volume equivalent to a zigzag channel with relatively low pressure drops. Wang et al. [10] obtained the heat transfer and flow characteristics of straight- type rectangular channels with different widths using numerical methods. Baik et al. [11] reported that the thermal performance of the wavy channel is significantly higher than that of the corresponding straight channel. Zhang et al. [12] numerically investigated the effects of pressure, mass flux, heat flux, and tube geometry on the heat transfer characteristics of S-CO2 heated in a horizontal semicircular microtube, and the variations of thermophysical properties in the pseudocritical region have significant effects on heat transfer mechanisms. Ngo et al. [13] numerically studied the heat transfer characteristics of S-CO2 in an S-shaped fin configuration PCHE. Results indicated that the pressure drop of the CO2 side of the S- shaped PCHE was decreased by 37%, and the pressure drop of the water side was decreased by 90%. Tsuzuki et al. [14] numerically studied the characteristics of fin configuration and angle of the S-shaped PCHE. The pressure loss of the optimized structure was only 1/5 of the traditional zigzag channel but presented the same thermal–dynamic performance. Lee and Kim [15] optimized the angle of the zigzag channel and ellipse aspect ratio using a numerical method. Aneesh et al. [16] reported that the trapezoidal wavy channel had the highest heat transfer with the largest pressure drop compared to sinusoidal, triangular, and straight channels, and the heat transfer rate of the trapezoidal wavy channel was about 41% higher than that of the straight channel. Xu et al. [17] found that a staggered arrangement of airfoil wings showed good thermal–hydraulic characteristics. Kim et al. [18] studied the effect of incline angle, pitch length, and hydraulic diameter on the thermal–hydraulic characteristics of He in zigzag channels. Results showed that Nusselt number and Fanning factor increased with the angle, while the pitch length and thermal–hydraulic diameter played a significant role in the performance. Lee and Kim [19] researched the effect of S-CO2 in four different channels with semicircular, rectangular, trapezoidal, and circular cross-sections, as well as their channel combinations, on PCHE performance. It was foundPDF Image | Thermal–Hydraulic Performance of a Printed Circuit Heat Exchanger
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