PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 003
efficient heat exchangers or heat pumps might help in recycling this low-grade heat. The barriers associated with low grade heat utili- zation [7] include (i) the need to match the sources with potential end-users around the process plant; (ii) the difficulty in harness- ing the potential of the waste water streams available at lower temperatures (between 35 and 55 °C), while achieving economic benefits; (iii) the economic and geographic limits towards dis- tances of pumping recovered heat (steam or hot water); (iv) the heat losses; and (v) the total cost for pipeline installation and pumping cost. In “high grade heat” applications, electricity generation and solar energy are the key topics. We need energy – electrical or thermal – but in most cases where and when it is not available. Energy storage technologies are a strategic and necessary component for the efficient utilization of renewable energy sources and energy con- servation, since the addition of short and long term energy storage will enable an extensive and more efficient use of the fluctuating renewable energy sources by matching the energy supply with demand [9]. “High grade waste heat” is already commonly re- used in chemical and mineral processes such as using the hot exhaust gas of cement kilns to preheat the raw clinker meal, or through steam generation in chemical reactors, such as FCC cracking regenera- tors, production of acrylonitrile, and other synthesis reactions. Low cost, fossil fuel-based electricity has always served as a major cost competitor for electrical power generation and traditional power plants store their energy resource on site in the form of a stock of e.g. coal, oil, nuclear fuel or even water behind a dam. The alter- nating current electricity grid requires that supply and demand is always strictly matched, and electricity network and transmission system operators have arrangements in place to ensure that this re- quirement is always met. The traditional electricity market is therefore largely based on fuels sold and traded as commodities, and used to generate electricity to instantaneously match supply with demand. A future electricity system predominantly or solely supplied by renewable energy sources will therefore find it diffi- cult to meet the fundamental stability requirement of alternating current networks to constantly match supply and demand unless storage facilities are integrated to balance both [9]. 1.2. Maturityofdifferentenergystoragesystemsandcosteffects The LCOE is calculated as the system’s expected lifetime costs (including construction, financing, fuel, maintenance, taxes, insur- ance and incentives), divided by the system’s lifetime expected power output (kWh). All cost and benefit estimates are adjusted for in- flation and discounted to account for the time-value of money. The LCOE is very useful to compare various generation options, and a relatively low LCOE means that electricity is produced at a low cost, with higher returns for the investor. LCOE = system s expected lifetime costs (€) system s lifetime expected power output (kWh) For a conventional plant, the effects of inflation on future plant maintenance must be considered and the price of fuel for the plant lifetime into the future needs to be estimated. A renewable energy plant is initially more expensive to build, but has very low main- tenance costs, and no fuel cost over its 20–30 year life. The cost structure of solar power plants will vary depending on the tech- nology they use. Fig. 1 shows the capital cost structures for solar power tower and parabolic trough collector, respectively. Clearly, major cost items are the solar field and the receiver, together with the TES component and the power block. To reduce the capital cost and associated LCOE, these are the major items to be considered. Both improved TES-systems (reduction of the storage volume) and an increased operation temperature of the HTF (reduction of solar Fig. 1. Capital cost structure of solar power plants (adapted from Ref. 10). receiver capacity, heliostat field size and storage volumes) will enable this reduction to be achieved. Novel HTF systems using powders and latent/thermo-chemical TES will be important in this respect, and are subsequently dealt with in the paper. LCOE estimates for con- ventional sources of power depend on very volatile fuel cost estimates, as shown in Fig. 2. These uncertainties must be fac- tored into LCOE comparisons between different technologies. LCOE estimates may or may not include the environmental costs and/or benefits associated with energy production. Governments have worldwide begun to quantify these costs. Fig. 2 shows some LCOEs for different renewable energies and for different MWel produced. The shaded area between both hori- zontal lines at 0.05 and 0.14 $/kWh indicates the range for electricity generation based upon fossil fuel. In general the LCOE decreases when more MW is produced and over the years, due mostly to tech- nology improvements. This decrease in LCOE with time is very clear for wind energy, for solar PV and for CSP (concentrated solar power). Since the energy storage part of the CSP represents 9–18% of the required investment in PTC or SPT, respectively, reductions in TES costs will favourably impact the LCOE. In order to achieve the European climate energy objectives as defined in the European Union’s “20–20–20” targets and in the Eu- ropean Commission’s Energy Roadmap 2050, energy storage technologies are necessary. The energy objectives contain impor- tant assumptions on long term views for the energy policy based on different energy mix assumptions. The text moreover does not claim to determine the future. The percentage of renewable energy sources in the gross final energy consumption should attain at least 55% in 2050, and this in all scenarios of the Roadmap. This shift towards renewable energy sources will surely lead to a situation in which, from time to time, generation will considerably exceed demand or vice versa, with ex- plicit concern to transmission and distribution networks. To respond to this challenge and to provide a continued security of energy supply at any time, energy storage is notably well suited. This is why the crucial role of energy storage technologies for an increasingly de- carbonized European energy system is recognized by the European Commission Energy Roadmap 2050. A growing use of renewable energy sources, especially considering e.g. wind and photovoltaic (PV) generation, will boost the demand for flexibility in the energy system. Energy storage is indeed very appropriate to respond to this chal- lenge and to assure a continued security of energy supply at any time. H. Zhang et al./Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 53 (2016) 1–40 3PDF Image | Thermal energy storage: Recent developments
PDF Search Title:
Thermal energy storage: Recent developmentsOriginal File Name Searched:
3-Thermal-Energy-storage-recent-developments-and-practical-aspects.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
Turbine and System Plans CAD CAM: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. More Info
Waste Heat Power Technology: Organic Rankine Cycle uses waste heat to make electricity, shaft horsepower and cooling. More Info
All Turbine and System Products: Infinity Turbine ORD systems, turbine generator sets, build plans and more to use your waste heat from 30C to 100C. More Info
CO2 Phase Change Demonstrator: CO2 goes supercritical at 30 C. This is a experimental platform which you can use to demonstrate phase change with low heat. Includes integration area for small CO2 turbine, static generator, and more. This can also be used for a GTL Gas to Liquids experimental platform. More Info
Introducing the Infinity Turbine Products Infinity Turbine develops and builds systems for making power from waste heat. It also is working on innovative strategies for storing, making, and deploying energy. More Info
Need Strategy? Use our Consulting and analyst services Infinity Turbine LLC is pleased to announce its consulting and analyst services. We have worked in the renewable energy industry as a researcher, developing sales and markets, along with may inventions and innovations. More Info
Made in USA with Global Energy Millennial Web Engine These pages were made with the Global Energy Web PDF Engine using Filemaker (Claris) software.
Sand Battery Sand and Paraffin for TES Thermo Energy Storage More Info
| CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com | RSS | AMP |