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Energies 2020, 13, 340 16 of 21 exploit TES systems is generally high. The main downsides today come from limited awareness on the technologies and their potential, even though the availability of tools that enable energy system analysis including TES and quantification of the possible benefits has recently increased. In specific applications (e.g., for cooling storage), a drawback could be the use of toxic or hazardous fluids, even though the replacement of these fluids with their “green” alternatives is in progress. Furthermore, thermal capacity aspects limit the intrinsic flexibility of TES systems and their direct participation in the provision of fast grid services. At the same time, the thermal capacity can provide to some extent a “thermal inertia” that can be beneficial because fast temperature changes in the energy processes are limited. Further aspects, related to the exploitation of electric thermal storage and the integration of TES within power-to-heat applications, have been overviewed to indicate their characteristics that may lead to new opportunities for grid applications. Many positive trends are emerging for the deployment of TES in the present and future energy systems. In the overall frameworks that encompass principles of efficient and clean energy, resource sustainability, and enhanced consumer awareness, TES will continue to play a specific role and could gain relevance upon improvements in the material efficiency and the definition of new forms of energy integration. Author Contributions: Conceptualization, D.E., G.C., R.P. and G.S.; methodology, D.E., G.C., R.P. and G.S.; formal analysis, D.E., G.C., R.P. and G.S.; investigation, D.E., G.C., R.P. and G.S.; data curation, D.E., G.C., R.P. and G.S.; writing—original draft preparation, D.E., G.C., R.P. and G.S.; writing—review and editing, D.E., G.C., R.P. and G.S.; visualization, D.E., G.C., R.P. and G.S.; supervision, D.E., G.C., R.P. and G.S.; project administration, D.E., R.P. and G.S.; funding acquisition, D.E., R.P. and G.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Funding: The authors D.E., R.P. and G.S. acknowledge that this project has received funding by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 774407. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. Nomenclature CAES Compressed Air Energy Storage CHP Combined Heat and Power CSP Concentrating Solar Power CTES Cool Thermal Energy Storage DER Distributed Energy Resources DHC District Heating and Cooling ETS Electric Thermal Storage HT High Temperature HTF Heat Transfer Fluid HTES Heat Thermal Energy Storage LHS Latent Heat Storage LT Low Temperature MES Multi-Energy Systems MPC Model Predictive Control P2G Power-to-Gas P2H Power-to-Heat PCM Phase Change Material PHS Pumped Hydro Storage RES Renewable Energy Sources RTE Round Trip Efficiency SETS Smart Electric Thermal Storage SHS Sensible Heat Storage SoC State of Charge THS Thermo-Chemical StoragePDF Image | Thermal Energy Storage for Grid Applications
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