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P Pump Figure 5. Wind powered thermal energy system (WTES) scheme. Figure 5. Wind powered thermal energy system (WTES) scheme. From another point of view, passive heat storage has been considered, consisting of storing heat Energies 2020, 13, 340 13 of 21 From another point of view, passive heat storage has been considered, consisting of storing heat in the building structure when a given indoor air temperature variation is allowed. This solution is in the building structure when a given indoor air temperature variation is allowed. This solution is more convenient than the use of heat accumulation tanks for promoting better integration of wind more convenient than the use of heat accumulation tanks for promoting better integration of wind power in combination with the installation of heat pumps [74]. Likewise, the thermal storage provided power in combination with the installation of heat pumps [74]. Likewise, the thermal storage by buildings where heat pumps are installed is assessed in [75] in systems with high wind power provided by buildings where heat pumps are installed is assessed in [75] in systems with high wind penetration. In the application shown in [76], a positive aspect is the correlation that exists between power penetration. In the application shown in [76], a positive aspect is the correlation that exists wind energy and the request of energy for space heating during the seasons. In these conditions, it is between wind energy and the request of energy for space heating during the seasons. In these sufficient to use heat storage from water tanks to compensate for the wind energy deviations with conditions, it is sufficient to use heat storage from water tanks to compensate for the wind energy Condenser water respect to the space heating needs. The feasibility and effectiveness of using heat storage with electric deviations with respect to the space heating needs. The feasibility and effectiveness of using heat boilers to reduce wind energy curtailment, at wind penetration levels consistent with the break-even storage with electric boilers to reduce wind energy curtailment, at wind penetration levels consistent points for wind power system investments, is shown in [77]. with the break-even points for wind power system investments, is shown in [77]. Benefits from the combined exploitation of different VRES systems may generally arise when Benefits from the combined exploitation of different VRES systems may generally arise when there is a negative correlation between the availability of the different VRES. In this way, the capacity there is a negative correlation between the availability of the different VRES. In this way, the capacity factor (namely, the ratio between the average generation and the maximum generation, where the factor (namely, the ratio between the average generation and the maximum generation, where the maximum generation is expressed by a power capacity, and the average power is assessed for the maximum generation is expressed by a power capacity, and the average power is assessed for the given time interval) of the combined plant can be increased, making the investment more effective. given time interval) of the combined plant can be increased, making the investment more effective. The addition of TES may further improve the situation. In the example shown in [78], wind and CSP The addition of TES may further improve the situation. In the example shown in [78], wind and CSP are co-located, and further benefits arise from using low-cost and high-efficiency TES in the CSP. are co-located, and further benefits arise from using low-cost and high-efficiency TES in the CSP. 5. TES in Microgrids and Multi-Energy Networks 5. TES in Microgrids and Multi-Energy Networks 5.1. Microgrid Applications TES systems may become of practical interest for smaller energy systems, such as for microgrid applications with distributed energy resources (DER), as well as in isolated systems. Mathematical models of optimal power flow and unit commitment have been formulated to describe the energy management strategies in a microgrid with high RES penetration. In these models, TES systems have been modelled in specific ways, taking into account their characteristics and constraints. The operation of a microgrid that contains a multi-energy system with electric and thermal loads, RES generation, combined cooling heat and power plants and thermal storage units, and transacts electric energy with the main grid (also including demand response services) is optimised in [79]. The contribution of ETS systems including heat losses for the microgrid energy management has been modelled in [60], together with other DER, taking into account the network constraints and the control of the reactive power support. In [80] an ice-thermal storage system is used in building energy models to assist voltage control and reduce the frequency fluctuations in weak electrical networks.PDF Image | Thermal Energy Storage for Grid Applications
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