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Energies 2020, 13, 340 12 of 21 Various references indicate that the presence of a TES system enhances the value of the CSP system [65]. The application shown in [67] refers to a CSP coupled with TES in a system connected to the electricity transmission network. The presence of the storage system allows the reduction of the overloads in the components, thus reducing the need for further investments. Therefore, the added value given by the TES leads to significant cost savings with respect to the use of the CSP alone. The value of TES is determined in optimal situations of charge and discharge of the storage, by minimising the production costs taking into account reserve capacity requirements, balancing needs, availability, and plant performance. The study carried out in [66] refers to a CSP system composed of parabolic troughs, power towers, or linear Fresnel reflectors. When the TES size increases, the CSP-TES system becomes more flexible in shifting the power injected in the grid (and sold to the market) to periods with higher electricity price. Furthermore, increasing the TES size, it is possible to store and then use more energy, reducing the unused excess energy generation. The results provided show the breakeven cost (that is, the maximum capital cost that may be covered by the expected revenues) for using a CSP-TES system in different locations, considering the energy market, also with the addition of the ancillary services market. The trade-off between costs and revenues for a CSP plant with TES is also addressed in [68] by considering the uncertainty of renewable energy generation by using a scenario-based analysis. The CSP-TES solution is addressed in [69] with the addition of an electric heater that converts electricity from other sources (e.g., the electrical grid, or the electrical output of other RES systems) into heat, to increase the operational flexibility. The application studied includes a CSP-TES and a wind energy system, and takes into account the RES uncertainty in a stochastic unit commitment and economic dispatch model with energy and reserves, by using scenario analysis. 4.3. Wind Energy Systems Heat storage can be seen as a viable and helpful solution in systems with high wind energy generation when wind curtailment could be necessary and occurs during the heating period [70]. In this case, the problem has been analysed in the multi-objective framework, in which the conflicting objective functions to be minimised are the fuel cost of the conventional generation and the wind curtailed, and the size of the heat storage system is the decision variable. On the other side, TES can be used to store the excess electricity provided from wind systems, upon proper energy conversion. In this way, it could be possible to avoid the construction of a new thermal power plant, as discussed in [71] with reference to wind power and to the possibility of storing heat (e.g., for space heating) or cooling energy (through electric chillers). Some references address the possibility of generating thermal energy directly at the top of the wind tower, where a heat generator is located, following the principle of the TEES. In this structure, there is no electrical line inside the wind tower. The heat produced by the heat generator is transferred to the TES system located at the base by using a heat transfer fluid (HTF), then a secondary circuit that includes a steam turbine (connected to a synchronous generator for electricity generation and grid connection), a condenser and a circulating pump is supplied through a heat exchanger. In the solution presented in [72] (Figure 5), called the wind powered thermal energy system (WTES), the TES acts as a thermal energy buffer, and the electricity produced by the synchronous generator depends on the demand. This solution is deemed to be more cost-effective than the use of a wind system with battery storage. A further advantage is the possibility to share some parts of the plant with CSP-based or biomass-based plants that use TES. The same concepts are used in [73] for a WTES application with direct conversion of rotational energy into heat, also including on-site shares of electricity and heat generation.PDF Image | Thermal Energy Storage for Grid Applications
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