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Energies 2020, 13, 340 8 of 21 After this process, the reactants B and C with different properties are independently stored at the ambient temperatures without thermal losses. Internal losses occur when the materials are degraded [50]. In the discharging process, the stored products B and C are mixed in an exothermic reaction. In this case, a chemical reactant A is formed and the heat is released to be further used as an energy source [10]: B+C → A+heat (10) In various references that address TES, a broader TCS category is considered by including THS and sorption energy storage [54]. Sorption depends on chemical processes and is divided into absorption and adsorption. Absorption takes place when a substance divided into solid or liquid forms a solution. Adsorption takes place when an adsorptive (liquid or gas) substance accumulates on the surface of an adsorbent (solid or liquid) and creates a molecular or atomic layer [50]. Sorption energy storage is more indicated for applications at low temperatures, such as seasonal energy storage and refrigeration [55]. The THS systems exhibit the positive aspects making them more compact compared to SHS and LHS, to obtain higher energy storage densities (due to high enthalpies of reaction), long-term storage and long-range transport at the ambient temperature [56]. Some barriers to the diffusion of THS have been identified in [4]. The technology would need reductions in size and enhancements in the materials. Further demonstrations are needed to assess the potential of their commercial use. Once the size of the THS “heat batteries” reaches the household level, further barriers could be of the regulatory type, putting obstacles to the prosumers willing to become more and more independent of the external energy supply. Nowadays, these obstacles are being partially released by the push to create energy communities in which the prosumers play an active role, in a way consistent with empowering consumers that are currently envisioned in some worldwide trends. 3.1.4. Comparisons among Technologies The temperature-based categorisation shown in Table 1 (with values taken from [18,34]) indicates a further way to partition the TES technologies into low-temperature and high-temperature, also reporting the typical ranges of the related parameters. Table 2 contains a list of advantages, drawbacks and other properties of TES technologies partitioned into SHS, LHS, and THS. Further comparisons refer to costs. In this respect, sensible heat storage systems are less expensive than PCM and TCS systems [27].PDF Image | Thermal Energy Storage for Grid Applications
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