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Energies 2020, 13, 340 7 of 21 3.1.1. Sensible Heat Storage In sensible heat storage (SHS), the thermal storage materials store heat energy in their specific heat capacity by changing the temperature [15]. The storage medium could be liquid (water) or solid (rocks, ground). In this case, a sensible heat storage material heats up when the heat is stored, and cools down when the heat is released [36]. Sensible heat changes in a storage material depend on the temperature change and the specific heat capacity of the storage material. The expression of sensible heat storage or heat capacity Q is: Q=m·cp·∆T=V · ρ·cp · ∆T (7) energy density where m is the mass of the thermal storage material [kg], V is the volume of the thermal storage material [m3], ρ is the density of the thermal storage material [kg/m3]; cp is the specific heat capacity of the storage material at constant pressure [kJ·kg−1·◦C−1], and ∆T is the temperature variation during the charging process of the storage material [◦C]. 3.1.2. Latent Heat Storage In latent heat storage (LHS), the thermal storage materials store their latent heat during phase change from solid to liquid [46,47]. Latent heat is released with the opposite phase change process (from liquid to solid). The latent heat also appears in the phase change from liquid to gas, but this phase change is not practical to be used for thermal energy storage because large volume or high pressures would be required to store the heat in vapour or gas [48]. Furthermore, the latent heat of a phase change from solid to solid is generally too low for being considered for thermal energy storage [48]. LHS is a purely physical process without any chemical reaction during charge or discharge [49]. LHS is proper for applications where the temperature level must be maintained stabilised [36]. By considering the specific latent heat L [kJ·kg−1], the thermal energy stored by latent heat is expressed as: Q=m·L (8) Phase change materials (PCMs) can be used for LHS. PCMs are divided into organic (paraffin, fatty acid), inorganic (hydrated salts) and eutectic (a mixture of organic or inorganic PCM) within the required melting temperature of 20 to 100 ◦C: • Cooling applications up to 21 ◦C • 22–28 ◦C for comfort in building applications • 29–60 ◦C for hot water applications • High-temperature applications requiring PCM of between 61 and 120 ◦C. 3.1.3. Thermochemical Energy Storage Thermo-chemical storage (TCS), or Thermochemical Heat Storage (THS), requires a reversible chemical reaction [50–52]. THS is divided into three processes: charging, storing and discharging. In the charging process, the heat absorbed from an energy resource (e.g., conventional energy sources or RES), dissociates the thermochemical material A into the reactants B and C in an endothermic reaction [53]: A+heat → B+C (9)PDF Image | Thermal Energy Storage for Grid Applications
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