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Energies 2020, 13, 340 5 of 21 2.3. Energy Services Provided by TES Systems Energies 2020, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW The main applications of TES are peak shifting, heat transport, renewable sources, waste heat, or 5 of 22 the energy required [10]. TES systems are used to correct the discrepancy between load and supply natural cold [36]. TES systems are used to store waste heat in the form of thermal energy to satisfy the energy required [10]. TES systems are used to correct the discrepancy between load and supply of of thermal energy and, for this reason, are important for RES integration [8]. Furthermore, TES thermal energy and, for this reason, are important for RES integration [8]. Furthermore, TES systems systems are useful to reduce peak demand, CO2 emissions, energy demand, and costs of the energy are useful to reduce peak demand, CO2 emissions, energy demand, and costs of the energy system, system, while its overall efficiency is improved. A TES system uses three modes of operation: while its overall efficiency is improved. A TES system uses three modes of operation: charging, storage charging(,idslteomraogde)(iadnldedmiscohdaerg)iangnd(Fidgiusrceh2a).rging (Figure 2). Figure 2. Schematic of thermal energy storage (TES) operation modes. Figure 2. Schematic of thermal energy storage (TES) operation modes. In the charging mode, the energy is supplied to the TES system. In the storage mode, the energy is stored in the TES system (with the corresponding internal losses), while in the discharging mode the In the charging mode, the energy is supplied to the TES system. In the storage mode, the energy energy is released from the TES system to the thermal load for further utilisation. The energy storage is stored in the TES system (with the corresponding internal losses), while in the discharging mode must have adequate power capacity and energy capacity [12]. the energy is released from the TES system to the thermal load for further utilisation. The energy The main energy services provided by TES technologies include [4]: storage must have adequate power capacity and energy capacity [12]. • The decoupling of generation and demand for heat and cooling with respect to the power demand. The main energy services provided by TES technologies include [4]: • The increase of energy efficiency in the energy system, for example by storing industrial waste heat that would otherwise be lost. • The decoupling of generation and demand for heat and cooling with respect to the power • The reduction of the greenhouse gas emissions in the heating and cooling sector, obtained by demand. enabling the use of a larger amount of renewable energy taken from wind, solar thermal and • The increase of energy efficiency in the energy system, for example by storing industrial waste photovoltaic, biomass, and geothermal technologies. heat that would otherwise be lost. • The increase in flexibility and security of supply, because of the availability of supplying heat and • The reduction of the greenhouse gas emissions in the heating and cooling sector, obtained by power when the demand is high, at relatively low cost. enabling the use of a larger amount of renewable energy taken from wind, solar thermal and 2.4. Modelling Aspects photovoltaic, biomass, and geothermal technologies. The notation used here has been unified with respect to the many notations used in the literature • The increase in flexibility and security of supply, because of the availability of supplying heat to represent the same modelling aspects. The TES model indicated in this section represents different and power when the demand is high, at relatively low cost. operation modes (charging, discharging, and idle). Following the generic deterministic storage model [37], the TES model is formulated by considering a sequence of time steps k = 1, . . . , K with the 2.4. Modelling Aspects regular time step ∆tk, considering the following entries: the energy Ek stored at time step k, the power Pch,k with which the storage unit is charged at time step k with charging efficiency ηch, and the power The notation used here has been unified with respect to the many notations used in the literature Pdch,k with which the storage unit is discharged at time step k with charging efficiency ηdch. Moreover, to represent the same modelling aspects. The TES model indicated in this section represents different the per-unit internal losses lk model the self-discharge occurring during the time step ∆tk, and represent operation modes (charging, discharging, and idle). Following the generic deterministic storage model the non-ideality of maintaining the energy stored in idle mode conditions [38]. Furthermore, the binary [37], the TvaErSiabmleoudeisl instfrodrmuceudlatoteadvobiyd sciomnuslitdaneeroiunsgcahasregqe uanedncdeisochfatrigme,ewsithepus =k =1 d1u,...rin,gKchwarigthe atnhde regular kk u =0duringdischarge. time step k∆𝑡, considering the following entries: the energy 𝐸 stored at time step k, the power 𝑃, with which the storage unit is charged at time step k with charging efficiency 𝜂, and the power 𝑃, with which the storage unit is discharged at time step k with charging efficiency 𝜂 . Moreover, the per-unit internal losses l model the self-discharge occurring during the time step ∆𝑡, and represent the non-ideality of maintaining the energy stored in idle mode conditions [38]. Furthermore, the binary variable 𝑢 is introduced to avoid simultaneous charge and discharge, with 𝑢 = 1 during charge and 𝑢 = 0 during discharge. The energy stored at the successive time step k + 1 in the storage device is then expressed as: 𝑃PDF Image | Thermal Energy Storage for Grid Applications
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