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T [ ̊C] Tphasechange Energies 2020, 13, 340 T [ ̊C] 4 of 21 3. The time period of the stored thermal energy: the time periods are short-term (diurnal thermal storage) and medium or long-term (seasonal or annual thermal storage) [12]. Short-term TES Tphase change is used to shift peak power loads from a couple of hours to a daPyh,atsoe chraendgeuce the sizing of the system and obtain economic benefits from time-variable energy tariffs or prices. Medium-term and long-term TES refers to seasonal energy storage, in which a delay from a few weeks to some months is considered [32]. T [ ̊C] τ [s] Heat absorbed Latent heat storage Tphase change Heat absorbed Latent heat storage Phase change Phase change Latent heat storage Heat released τ [s] τ[s] (a) Figure 1. Phase change phenomena of thermal storage material. (a) Melting process; (b) freezing process. The main performance parameters of a TES system are: Phase change Tphasechange • Power capacity (W) is the maximum amount of power that can be delivered by the storage system duringdischarging; Heatreleased • Power density (W/l) is the ratio between the power capacity and the capacity of the energy τ[s] storage system; • Energy storage capacity (Wh), also identified as energy capacity, is the amount of energy absorbed in the storage system during charging under nominal conditions; • Energy density or volumetric heat capacity (Wh/L, or Wh/m3) is the ratio between the stored energy and the volume of the energy storage system; • Storage period (from hours to months) indicates the duration of the storage period; • Response time (from seconds to minutes) is the time speed with which the energy is absorbed or released in the storage system; • Cycling capacity (number of cycles) is how many times the storage system releases the energy after each recharge; • Cycle life is the maximum number of charge-discharge cycles in specified conditions; • Discharge rate is the rate at which the stored energy is discharged; • Self-discharge is the amount of energy initially stored and after dissipated over a specified non-use time; • Round-trip efficiency (RTE) or cycle efficiency η, is defined as η = Eout/Ein, where Ein is the energy needed to charge the system and Eout is the energy remaining after a charge-discharge cycle; the self-discharge losses during the operation of the storage system in idle mode are not considered in the definition [33,34]; • Costs are defined with reference to the energy storage capacity (€/kWh) or power capacity (€/kW) of the storage system, and consider capital costs, and operation and maintenance costs of the storage equipment during its lifetime; • Cost per output (useful) energy is the cost per unit energy divided by the storage efficiency; • Per cycle cost is the cost per unit energy divided by the cycle life [12,35]. T [ ̊C] (b) Latent heat storage Sensible heating of liquid storage material Sensible heating of liquid storage material Sensible heating of solid storage material Sensible heating of solid storage material Sensible cooling of liquid storage material Sensible cooling of liquid storage material Sensible cooling of solid storage material Sensible cooling of solid storage materialPDF Image | Thermal Energy Storage for Grid Applications
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