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How it works The particles of cheap silica sand are stored in four 90 meter tall silos which are insulated to hold the heat. Power lines from the grid connect to heaters in the top of the silo where the sand is cascaded over electrically heated rods raising its temperature to 1,200°C, and piling it up; filling the silo. At the bottom, the hot sand falls into a heat exchanger through a pair of lock hoppers, where the hot sand heats air which is then funneled up and off to the power block where it runs the turbine, producing electricity. To prevent the particles from contaminating the air, a centrifugal force like in a Dyson vacuum separates the particles from the air so the heated air is cleaned up before flowing into the turbine. The now cooled sand at 300°C at the bottom of the silo is then lifted back up to the top in an insulated skip hoist designed by an industry partner’s subsidiary, running up the side of the silo. This parasitic energy use would consume only between 1-4 MW of electricity in a 100- MW storage system. When in charging or discharging mode, the four silos would empty and replenish consecutively. The stored thermal energy can be discharged depending on grid needs. They might simply hold the heated particles for days until needed. The heat loss is negligible, about one percent per day. Where the research project is now “The ENDURING project is wrapping up this spring. These first three years, we tested all the components to make sure that the concept can work. And now we’re looking and actively pursuing getting it out of lab scale and into pilot scale,” said Gifford, whose specific role has been modeling each of these components to evaluate how it would perform at full scale; 100 megawatts or more. “Our project is pioneering an integrated system using particles and air turbines for electricity storage,” he noted. “We have done a lot of fundamental testing, building a bunch of different test stations to do lab scale tests of all of the novelty components of the system like the new resistive heater or storage silo or the heat exchanger.” To de-risk the novel components, they demonstrated a fluidized bed heat exchanger and integration with the power island using turbo machinery. The team performed 100 cycles between 1,200°C and down to 300°C. A 500-hour heat test for particle durability in a furnace at 1,200°C found no degradation. DOE funding so far has enabled lab scale development by the team to a Technology Readiness Level (TRL) of 5. The next step is to build a pilot scale test at 2 to 5 MW. Babcock & Wilcox has an exclusive intellectual property option agreement to license the technology. 3/4PDF Image | NREL Results Support Cheap Long Duration Energy Storage in Hot Sand
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