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NREL’s ENDURING project set out to demonstrate each of the novel components needed to store thermal energy for up to four days, cycle for 30 years or more, and cost no more than 2.5 cents per kWh. Thermal energy storage is already cheaper than batteries, only if amortized within a CSP plant. To keep costs low for standalone thermal storage, NREL designed a system repurposing existing turbines and grain silo technology. The novel technology met the challenge of demonstrating that it can store and release power from a 26,000 MWh particle-based thermal energy storage system via a 130 MW electric generation system for up to four days; 100 hours. The system is scalable to supply power for local communities or regional utility grids. Local silica sand for advanced particle-based thermal storage Thermal energy storage is a fully tested technology in commercial CSP plants, but using a liquid; molten salts. However, increasingly, particle storage is being researched as a more efficient storage medium than molten salts which have a working range between 290°C and 560°C – due to the much higher temperature differential of 300°C and 1000°C in particles of sand. “We’ve studied particle-based thermal energy storage since 2011, initially for concentrating solar power,” said Zhiwen Ma, the NREL project lead. “Now it has been extended – to standalone particle thermal energy storage and industrial process heat, and heating and cooling in buildings – for even broader decarbonization, by replacing coal and natural gas. Substituting a free gas; air, instead of natural gas in power plants The team partnered with GE to integrate the storage with a gas turbine power cycle.“The point of it was to try to use commercial systems as much as possible in terms of power cycles since they have a hundred years of development there’s a lot of expertise already there,” said Colorado School of Mines Ph.D. student and NREL collaborator Jeffrey Gifford. To charge this thermal battery, surplus power from the grid would heat sand in silos. The sand particles would heat air – a gas which is predominantly nitrogen – to drive a commercially available gas turbine. Air is obviously a much more environmentally friendly gas than natural gas and when heated by the stored sand particles and delivered at high press it can drive the same hot gas turbine used in gas power plants today with no modifications. The air would be heated by silica sand particles from the Midwest stored in 90 meter tall silos – about the height of today’s industrial silos. “We wanted to generate a thermal energy storage system that could integrate with what already exists,” Giffords said. “Just like how we can turn on natural gas power plants today when we need them – that’s the role of our long duration energy storage system – to be able to shape wind and solar for them to be dispatchable.” 2/4PDF Image | NREL Results Support Cheap Long Duration Energy Storage in Hot Sand
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