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“Cool storage is a dynamic way to gain summer peak capacity by shifting the on-peak load to off-peak hours.” — Moudood Aslam Conservation Specialist Pasadena Water and Power Cool Storage Using Ice Ice is an efficient cool storage medium. Cool storage systems using ice can store and release 144 British thermal units (Btu) per pound (334,000 joules per kilogram) during melting and freezing, whereas chilled water systems can store only about 18 Btu per pound (41,780 joules per kilogram)—about one-eighth the capacity per pound of an ice storage system. Pasadena, California The city of Pasadena, California, is installing ice storage systems in two of its buildings, the Pasadena Central Library and the Pasadena Civic Cen- ter. It’s Pasadena’s way of taking the lead in the Commercial Cool Storage Incentive Program the city started in 1992 to promote cool storage systems in the community. “We’re certainly putting our money where our mouth is,” says Moudood Aslam, conservation specialist at the city-owned utility, Pasadena Water and Power. “The city’s resource plan anticipated a shortfall of electricity around 1996 or 1997. To prepare for that, we can either build new power plants or shift power loads and con- serve energy. We encourage cus- tomers to both shift and conserve. Cool storage is a dynamic way to gain summer peak capacity by shifting the on-peak load to off-peak hours.” The utility goes even farther to pro- mote cool storage, paying an owner as much as $5,000 for a building’s cool storage feasibility study. The utility also pays a rebate on cool stor- age installations; the rebate amount is based on the number of kilowatts shifted from on-peak to off-peak hours, up to a maximum of $250,000. Pasadena also markets cool storage to building owners through direct-mail brochures and personal contacts. Utilities such as Pasadena Water and Power let customers decide which cool storage medium is most advan- tageous to them. A potential benefit of ice is that it’s generally colder than chilled water or phase-change materi- als, unless the chilled water is treated with an additive. A cooler storage medium produces cooler air, so less air needs to be moved to cool a build- ing. Because fans that move the air can be smaller, they cost less and use 30% to 40% less energy than a con- ventional system does, according to Electric Power Research Institute. Also, duct size can be 20% to 40% smaller and air handlers 30% to 50% smaller, requiring less initial equipment cost and less cost for the building space needed to house mechanical equipment. Lincoln Electric Goes for the Cold Utilities have their own reasons for using ice and chilled water storage systems. Feeding the cold air from these systems into a turbine can boost 2 Homes and Small Commercial Buildings: A Coming Market Ice is now well established as a cool storage medium for larger buildings. But it can also store cooling power in a small space, and that’s opening new opportu- nities in homes and small commercial buildings. As of mid-1994, 518 residen- tial units in Sacramento, California, had installed ice storage systems and col- lected cash rebates on the installations under the Residential Thermal Energy Storage Program of the public power utility, the Sacramento Municipal Utility District (SMUD). Because these residen- tial systems also heat domestic water and provide space heating in winter, they can provide a total annual energy sav- ings of about 5000 kilowatt-hours (in a residence of 1500 to 1700 square feet [140 to 158 square meters]), compared to an all-electric residence with electric resistance space heating, water heating, and central air-conditioning. This amounts to an annual savings of about $800 to the home owner. The benefit? The average residential ice storage system shifts 2 to 3 kilo- watts of summer peak load and about 3100 kilowatt-hours per year off-peak, which is worth approximately $6,200 to SMUD in avoided power costs (present value) over 20 years. This means that just 1000 residential ice storage systems would save SMUD roughly $6.2 million. This Sacramento home (above) benefits from a cool storage system. These systems are integrated units that provide three services: hot water, space heating, and air- conditioning. The systems can be built-in or located in a side yard. Phenix Energy Systems / PIX 1300, 1301PDF Image | Keep It Cool with Thermal Energy Storage
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