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Journal of Energy Storage 27 (2020) 101082 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Energy Storage journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/est Melting and solidification of PCMs inside a spherical capsule: A critical review Murat M. Kenisarin⁎, Khamid Mahkamov, Sol Carolina Costa, Irina Makhkamova Department of Mechanical and Construction Engineering, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, United Kingdom T ARTICLE INFO Keywords: PCM Melting Solidification Heat transfer Latent heat storage 1. Introduction Currently, latent heat storage systems (LHSS) with the use of phase change materials (PCMs), are at the focus of numerous research pro- jects. The developments in the latent heat storage technology, using PCMs, have been reported in [1–6]. In comparison with traditional sensible heat storage systems, latent heat TESs have significantly higher specific energy capacity per mass or volume. Moreover, the charging and discharging processes in LHSS take place in the narrow temperature range, close to the melting temperature of PCMs. It should be noted that most prospective PCMs have low thermal conductivity, and this re- stricts the speed of charging and discharging processes. Every LHSS contains at least the following three components. First, it has a suitable PCM with the desired melting/solidification temperature range. Second, the suitable container should be used for housing PCM. Third, a suitable heat exchanger is required for transferring the heat effectively from a heat transfer fluid (HTF) to the PCM and vice versa. There is the large number of phase change materials, which produced by the leading companies [7–14]. For encapsulating the PCMs, such materials as plastics, aluminum, copper, stainless steel are used. Presently, the most studied geometrical configurations of containers for housing PCMs are ⁎ Corresponding author. E-mail address: murat.kenisarin@northumbria.ac.uk (M.M. Kenisarin). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2019.101082 ABSTRACT To date, numerous phase change materials (PCM) have been developed for application in latent heat storage systems. There are many issues in the process from the development of PCM to using them in storage systems, which should be resolved. The problem of heat transfer in PCMs during the phase change process is the most important one. Latent heat storage containers usually have simple geometrical forms such as a sphere, cylinder, cylindrical annulus, rectangular enclosure, etc. A large number of papers were published on melting and soli- dification processes in PCMs. Therefore, there is a pressing necessity for generalizing the art of the state in this field and establish how accumulated knowledge meets practical requirements. The present review considers the current state in investigations of heat transfer in a spherical shell. Heat transfer in PCMs during constrained melting (solid PCM fixed inside the vessel), unconstrained (unfixed) melting and solidification, and phase change in finned shells are analyzed. It is shown that currently, there is no satisfactory description of the constrained melting process. For unconstrained melting and solidification, some correlations are suggested, describing these processes. The applicability range of the proposed correlations, as well as their accuracy were investigated and established. To intensify the process of phase change inside the spherical container, the use of orthogonal fins is appropriate option compared to the employ of circumferential fins. spheres, cylindrical tubes, annulus, rectangular plates, and pouches [15, 16]. A typical LHSS serves as a buffer between energy sources and a consumer, and it transfers thermal energy at certain rates at times when the consumer requires it. Usually, during such energy discharging periods, there is no direct supply of the heat from a source. For meeting consumer's heat demand, the storage system should also provide the required rate of heat transfer between the PCM and HTF during the charging and discharging process. In General, during heat transfer process between HTFs and PCMs there are at least the following two problems. The first one is related to enhancing heat transfer from the body of PCM to surfaces, which separate PCMs from HTFs. This pro- blem is solved by deploying many suitable types of heat exchangers. The second problem is the heat transfer inside the envelope containing the PCMs. The results of experimental, analytical, and numerical studies of phase-change heat transfer performed up to 2000 have been discussed in [17–21]. The investigations results presented in these reviews had mainly the academic character. In one way or another, the practical aspects of phase change heat transfer were considered in review papers [3–5, 22–25]. As it is known that the heat transfer in PCM containers Received 6 August 2019; Received in revised form 8 November 2019; Accepted 16 November 2019 Available online 29 November 2019 2352-152X/ © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/BY/4.0/).PDF Image | Journal of Energy Storage 27
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