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simultaneously, the storage and retrieval of electricity and solar energy. It takes into account the operating conditions such as load and outside air temperature, and optimizes the off- and on- peak periods for electrical heating. The combined strategy can significantly improve performance over simple feedback control whenever there are fluctuations or disturbances. The regulation strategy depends on a PID controller that regulates the air flow from an electric fan to maintain the room temperature at the set point. Fig. 1. Feedforward HTEES Control strategy. In a dynamic system, the Total Energy Storage Capacity “Σ” is the sum of the actual Thermal Energy Storage “τ, the actual Electrical Energy Storage “ε” and a supplementary useful equivalent storage capacity “”: It is important to note that “τ” and “” in Eq. (1) are not the nominal (theoretical) values, but rather the actual capacities, taking into account the operational conditions. They represent the useful portion of the nominal capacity in the context (e.g., temperature, cycling, heat rejections, ramp up, and ramp down In such a dynamic system, the Total Energy Storage Capacity “Σ” can be assimilated to an Electrical + Thermal “Uninterruptible” Supply (UPS+UTS) that is considering the system in which it is operating. As a consequence, the Projected (or predicted) Energy Storage Capacity “Σp(t)” is not only a summation of the nominal capacities. It is the value that is changing in real time, a dynamic value: p The supplementary useful equivalent storage capacity “(t)” is the sum of the additional energies sources at time “t” (e.g., reduced losses, improved capacities due to temperature management, and equipment efficiencies). This new parameter is introduced in the feedforward control. The operation is integrating an optimized “Charge Mode” during off-peak hours, when outside temperature is more favorable. It is using the grid when it is more effective and using a “Discharge Mode” during on-peak hours, when it can absorb transient increases in datacenter cooling load, avoiding startup of additional chillers and reducing the load on the grid. This “predictive” approach is allowing for a better use of the Energy Storage, but also for a better integration of EES and TES to maximize: • Operational flexibility and stability • Performance improvement in the operation • Demand-Side management with predictability • Reliability in the operation. B. Thermal Energy Storage with SPCM Developed to be operated on a 24/7 basis, the SPCM act as a buffer to mitigate the fluctuations in the load. The SPCM used in conjunction with the electric storage media is a Synthetic Phase Change Material. The phase change taking place in the thermal storage is from liquid to solid and vice- versa. This change in phase allows for managing (absorbing or releasing) a large quantity of energy in small volume, compared to conventional electric storage. Through the last 2 decades, Novacab has developed 30 different SPCM mixtures with a melting point from -40°F to + 250°F; unlike only 32°F like for the liquid water to ice phase change. And also unlike water or even eutectic salt that have a substantial expansion factor (while solidifying), SPCM has a small negative expansion factor in the solid phase that results in negligible stress on components. These mixtures need very low maintenance and have a life span of up to 15,000 cycles while they are non-toxic, non-corrosive, nonbio-accumulative, and non-carcinogen. III. PERFORMANCE EXPERIMENTS AND ON-SITE MONITORING The HTEES were implemented and monitored in various facilities (e.g., Fig. 2). The results show that they might have a significant impact on the grid itself. Datacenters were quickly identified amongst the good applications of the technology because their energy consumption is huge and growing fast, although they are consuming electricity and cooling. Fig. 2. Implemented system.PDF Image | Hybrid Thermal and Electric and Energy Storage System
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