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Sensible thermal energy storage (STES) in buildings can be achieved through the structural mass of the building [5] or through the heating of a separately insulated mass of storage material. The former is referred to as passive storage whereas the latter is referred to as active storage. The benefit of active storage is that the storage is controllable independent of the building thermal comfort. Active thermal storage in dwellings is most economically accomplished through a hot water buffer [6]. When using a hot water storage tank the distribution of energy throughout the storage is not defined a priori. Andersen and Furbo [7] showed the effect of stratification on the thermal performance of solar combi systems and [8] showed the increase in effectiveness of stratified stores compared to conventional hot water storages used for domestic hot water supply. The degree of stratification is very dependent on the charging and discharging methods [9, 10]. This paper aims at quantifying the cost reduction for space heating in a residential dwelling by optimal control of sensible thermal energy storage, focussing on two extreme types of storage tanks: a perfectly stratified water tank and a perfectly mixed water tank. As such the influence of the water tank model can be investigated. Optimal control is considered in a DSM context with two different energy pricing schemes, and different storage tank capacities. To exclude the impact of badly tuned controllers, optimal control is used. Henze et al. [11] showed the effectiveness of optimal control for residential space heating. Several other authors [12, 13, 14, 15] have also used optimal control in a demand side management context, the influence of the TES model, however, has not yet been determined. 2. Materials and methods 2.1. System overview The current paper considers space heating of a residential building incorporating the possibility to store thermal energy in a sensible energy buffer. The method of heat generation is currently unspecified but the energy is assumed to be taken from the electricity grid e.g. a heat pump. A schematic representation of the complete system is given in figure 1. The focus of this study however lies with the heating system delineated by the dashed line in figure 1. The interaction of this system with the building is provided by the heat emission system while the interaction with the electricity grid is achieved in the heater. grid emission system Figure 1: Schematic representation of the assumed system 2.2. Storage system modelling The heating system with thermal energy storage is shown schematically in figure 2. The heater is assumed to modulate it’s power in such a way that the temperature of the fluid at it’s exit is heater storage 2PDF Image | Energy cost reduction by optimal control of ideal sensible thermal energy storage
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