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View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Lirias Energy cost reduction by optimal control of ideal sensible thermal energy storage in domestic space heating Brecht Baeten1, Frederik Rogiers2, Lieve Helsen3 1KU Leuven, Diepenbeek, Belgium, Phone: +32498537777, Fax: 32 11 23 07 89, e-mail: brecht.baeten@kuleuven.be 2KU Leuven, Diepenbeek, Belgium 3KU Leuven, Mechanical Engineering Department, Division Applied Mechanics and Energy Conversion, Heverlee, Belgium Abstract In the light of demand side management, the combination of thermal energy storage and space heating using electricity as energy vector is promising. The environmental gains of the use of heat pumps in buildings increase as the fraction of renewable electricity production rises. When variable electricity prices represent the availability of renewable energy sources, consumer gain can be accompanied by environmental benefits. The aim of this study is to determine the potential in energy cost reduction when using sensible thermal energy storage in a domestic space heating context. To fully investigate the potential of thermal energy storage, an optimal control strategy is applied to two idealized sensible energy storage tanks. The cost for space heating in a single-family dwelling using a sensible thermal energy store for diurnal storage is compared with a reference cost, without storage capacity present. As the cost reduction is dependent on the match between the energy use profile and the energy price profile, two energy pricing schemes are studied: a day-night tariff according to local electricity prices and a quarter-hour energy pricing scheme based on the daily variation of nationwide energy use. The resulting control profiles and variation of storage state of charge are presented for several values of storage capacity. The space heating energy cost is calculated for each case and compared for the stratified and mixed storage tanks and the reference cost. The results indicate a potential for user cost reduction of up to 20% using the perfectly stratified storage model. Keywords: demand side management, space heating, thermal energy storage, sensible energy, stratification, optimal control 1. Introduction In the European Union buildings are responsible for 40% of the primary energy consumption. Moreover they deliver the largest contribution to the greenhouse gas emissions [1]. Heat pumps, known as energy efficient technologies for space heating, using electricity, are seen as a valuable alternative for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. As more renewable energy technologies are connected to the electricity grid the environmental benefits of heat pumps rise. However due to the variability of these energy technologies the need for interconnection and energy storage increases to maintain a stable electricity grid [2]. When using electricity driven heat generation in combination with thermal energy storage (TES) the possibility of demand side load management (DSM) is another advantage [3]. The energy tariff structure is of great importance to the economic and environmental viability of demand side management through TES [4]. 1PDF Image | Energy cost reduction by optimal control of ideal sensible thermal energy storage
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