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ADDITIONAL INFORMATION THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE TES Technology Advantages Disadvantages and Challenges TES in General • Can be relatively inexpensive • Long discharge durations achievable (hours- days) • Relatively long lifetime • Temperature limits for TES materials may be misaligned with application • Commercial application of long duration TES at power generation facilities is largely limited to CSPs • TES may be more difficult to integrate with existing plants compared to other ES options • Passive heating may be required during downtime Sensible TES • Typically, materials are relatively low cost • Long duration storage is achievable • Typically, not geographically limited • Discharge temperatures of sensible TES systems may decrease over discharge duration • Sensible storage materials have the lowest energy density of all TES materials (50-100 times smaller than PCMs) Phase Change Materials (latent) • High energy densities • Discharge temperatures are constant over discharge time • Materials may be expensive and rare • Typically, not geographically limited • PCMs are corrosive; protective coatings and exotic materials required for corrosion resistance • PCMs generally have poor thermal conductivity • Must have very specific properties for desired application (e.g., phase- transition temperature compatibility with operating temperatures); this requires extensive research for each application Thermo- chemical • Decomposed products may be stored separately; this results in a theoretically infinite storage period with no heat loss • Highest energy density of all TES technology types • Typically, not geographically limited • Storage material may degrade overtime due to sintering and grain growth during charging • The rate of dehydration reactions is relatively slow; methods to increase charging rate is an area of potential research TES Technology Round Trip Efficiency (%) Demonstrated Scale (MW) Duration of Discharge (hours) Lifetime (years) Technology Readiness Level Molten Salt (sensible) Concrete (sensible) Phase Change Materials (latent) Thermochemical REFERENCES 40-933 1004 10-154 50-903 -- 42 75-903 <13 -- 80-993 <13 1-243 305 93 252 63 10-303 43 10-303 53 1. https://www.power-eng.com/articles/print/volume-116/issue-4/features/turbine-inlet-air-cooling-cutting- edge-technology.html. [Accessed 17 January 2019]. 2. https://art.inl.gov/Meetings/Heat%20Storage%20for%20Gen%20IV%20Reactors%20Workshop%20 July%2023-24/Presentations/08_Pykkonen_Bright_Energy_TES_for_Nuclear.pdf [Accessed 30 July 2020]. 3. Idaho National Laboratories, “An Evaluation of Energy Storage Options for Nuclear Power,” U.S. Department of Energy, Idaho Falls, 2017. 4. https://www.powermag.com/crescent-dunes-24-hours-on-the-sun/ [Accessed 30 July 2020]. 5. https://www.power-technology.com/projects/crescent-dunes-solar-energy-project-nevada/[Accessed 30 July 2020].PDF Image | DOE Storage Database Operational TES Projects
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