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Sustainability 2018, 10, 191 25 of 32 stored with virtually no loss because the heat is not stored in a sensible or latent form but rather as potential energy, as long as the substances are kept separate. Typical applications involve adsorption of water vapor to silica gel or zeolites (i.e., microporous crystalline alumina-silicates). Of special importance for use in hot/humid climates or confined spaces with high humidity are open sorption systems based on lithium-chloride to cool water and on zeolites to control humidity. Sustainability 2018, 10, 191 25 of 32 Adsorption TES is a promising technology that can provide an excellent solution for long-term TES in a more compact and efficient way. Solar thermal energy or waste heat from several processes The adsorption cycle has already been used in several research projects to promote TES. In can be used to regenerate the adsorbent and promote energy storage [88]. 1990, Kaubek and Maier-Laxhuber [89] patented an adsorption apparatus to be used for electric The adsorption cycle has already been used in several research projects to promote TES. In 1990, heating storage, working with the zeolite/water pair and reporting 30% savings in energy Kaubek and Maier-Laxhuber [89] patented an adsorption apparatus to be used for electric heating consumption. The system can be used as an air-heating device or combined with a hot-water tank. storage, working with the zeolite/water pair and reporting 30% savings in energy consumption. In the first case, the adsorbent bed is heated by electric heating rods during the desorption phase, The system can be used as an air-heating device or combined with a hot-water tank. In the first case, regenerating the adsorbent and releasing the condensation heat into the space to be heated. In the the adsorbent bed is heated by electric heating rods during the desorption phase, regenerating the latter case, the condensation heat is released into a water tank during the desorption phase, while adsorbent and releasing the condensation heat into the space to be heated. In the latter case, the the acdonsodrepnstiaotinonheatisisretlerasnesdfeinrrtoedawtoatetrhteanwkdauterringtatnhekdtehsorroputgiohnpahasspe,ewcihfiiclecthloesaedsorcpirtciounitheiant the adsorisptriaonsfsetraregde.toHthaeuwerat[e9r0t]anpkrtehsreonutgehdaaspseecaifisconclaolseaddcsiorcrupitiointhTeEaSdssoyrpsteiomn,stwagoer.kHinaguerw[i9t0h] the presented a seasonal adsorption TES system, working with the silica-gel/water pair (Figure 16). silica-gel/water pair (Figure 16). During the summer, while the system is charging, the heat from During the summer, while the system is charging, the heat from the solar collectors is conducted to the solar collectors is conducted to three adsorbent beds, promoting the desorption stage. In the three adsorbent beds, promoting the desorption stage. In the winter, the low temperatures in the winter, the low temperatures in the solar collector promote the evaporation of the water in the solar collector promote the evaporation of the water in the evaporators/condensers, and the heat of evaporators/condensers, and the heat of adsorption is released to the building heating system. adsorption is released to the building heating system. Figure 16. Seasonal adsorption thermal storage system [90]. Figure 16. Seasonal adsorption thermal storage system [90]. A caAscacadsecasdtoersatogreagseystyesmtemofoffefresrsvvaassttpotentiiallfoforrththeeimimprpovroemvemnteonftsoflasrocloaorlicnogoslyinstgemsyss.tIenmas. In cascaded storage system, PCMs with different melting temperatures are arranged in a series to store a cascaded storage system, PCMs with different melting temperatures are arranged in a series to heat at different temperatures. In comparison with a conventional single PCM-based storage system, a store heat at different temperatures. In comparison with a conventional single PCM-based storage cascaded multiple PCM-based storage system would improve solar collecting efficiency, as the lower system, a cascaded multiple PCM-based storage system would improve solar collecting efficiency, temperature at the bottom of the tank is connected to the inlet of the solar collector. The numerical as the lower temperature at the bottom of the tank is connected to the inlet of the solar collector. results from the parametric study investigated by Shaikh and Lafdi [91] indicated that the total energy The numerical results from the parametric study investigated by Shaikh and Lafdi [91] indicated charged rate can be significantly enhanced using composite PCMs as compared to the single PCM. that the total energy charged rate can be significantly enhanced using composite PCMs as Figure 17 shows the different TES technologies: sensible heat (i.e., water as an example), latent compared to the single PCM. heat (i.e., different materials), and thermo-chemical (i.e., sorption and chemical reactions) with respect Figure 17 shows the different TES technologies: sensible heat (i.e., water as an example), latent to their working temperatures [9]. heat (i.e., different materials), and thermo-chemical (i.e., sorption and chemical reactions) with respect to their working temperatures [9].PDF Image | Comprehensive Review of Thermal Energy Storage
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