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Sustainability 2018, 10, 191 19 of 32 4.2.2. Active Technologies STuhsteainuasbielitoyf20t1h8e,r1m0,1a9l1energystorageinbuildingactivesystemsisanattractiveandversatile19soflu32tion for several applications for new or retrofitted buildings, such as the implementation of RES in the in the HVAC for space heating/cooling, improvement in the performance of the current HVAC for space heating/cooling, improvement in the performance of the current installations, and installations, and the possible application of peak load-shifting strategies [62]. the possible application of peak load-shifting strategies [62]. The integration of TES in a building can be done in the building’s core (core, floor, walls), The integration of TES in a building can be done in the building’s core (core, floor, walls), external external solar façades, suspended ceilings, the ventilation system, PV systems, and water tanks. solar façades, suspended ceilings, the ventilation system, PV systems, and water tanks. One of the One of the main applications of TES in active building systems is the use of free cooling, when the main applications of TES in active building systems is the use of free cooling, when the storage is storage is charged with low night outdoor temperatures, and this stored cold is discharged when charged with low night outdoor temperatures, and this stored cold is discharged when required by the required by the cooling demand [63]. cooling demand [63]. Furthermore, TES has been used in building solar systems to convert intermittent energy Furthermore, TES has been used in building solar systems to convert intermittent energy sources sources and meet heating and DHW demands. The most popular solar TES method has been andemxteentdheedationgintaengdraDteHsoWlardeamiracnoldlesc.toTrhseinmbousitldpionpguwlarllsoolarrtoTEuSsemPeCthModinhvaesnbtielaetnedexftaeçnadesd to integ(rFaigteurseol1a3r) a[6ir4]c.ollectors in building walls or to use PCM in ventilated façades (Figure 13) [64]. Figure 13. Operational mode of the ventilated façade with PCM [64]. Figure 13. Operational mode of the ventilated façade with PCM [64]. Within this context, the utilization of heat pumps with TES systems are presented as a Within this context, the utilization of heat pumps with TES systems are presented as a promising promising technology to shift electrical loads from high-peak to off-peak periods, thus serving as a technology to shift electrical loads from high-peak to off-peak periods, thus serving as a powerful tool powerful tool in demand-side management. in demand-side management. TES has great potential as a key technology to reduce the energy demand of buildings and/or tToEimS phraosvgertehaet epnoetregnytieaflfiacsieanckyeoyfttehcehirneonloegrgyytsoyrsetedmusc.e the energy demand of buildings and/or to improveSthimeielanrertgoyPeCfMficsi,etnhceynoafntoh-einrheanecregdyPsCyMstesmcasn.beusedinbuildingsforpassiveandactive applications. In other words, they can be applied to building structures to enhance the overall Similar to PCMs, the nano-enhanced PCMs can be used in buildings for passive and active thermal mass. Additionally, these structures can be used in heating, cooling, ventilation, and applications. In other words, they can be applied to building structures to enhance the overall thermal air-conditioning systems to reduce the incompatibility between the energy supply and the demand mass. Additionally, these structures can be used in heating, cooling, ventilation, and air-conditioning by the shifting and reduction of peak load. Many studies have been carried out on the development systems to reduce the incompatibility between the energy supply and the demand by the shifting of suitable nano-enhanced PCMs for building applications. A summary of the experimental study and reduction of peak load. Many studies have been carried out on the development of suitable in this field is listed in Table 8 [39]. nano-enhanced PCMs for building applications. A summary of the experimental study in this field is The combination of PCMs with the solar buildings and zero energy buildings will make a great listed in Table 8 [39]. opportunity for the research and for energy management in buildings. The combination of PCMs with the solar buildings and zero energy buildings will make a great opportunTitayblfeo8r. tShuemrmeasreyaorcfhexapnerdimfoenrtealnseturgdyiesmoannthaegaepmpelincattionnsbuofilndainog-esn.hanced PCMs in buildings [39]. Authors Constantinescu et al. Kalaiselvam Kumaresan et al. Sayyar et al. Parameshwaran et al. Brief Title Nano-composite building materials Nano-enhanced PCM for cooling PCM-based nano-fluids for cool storage Shape-stable nano-PCM Hybrid nano-composite PCM Highlights Ref. Providing a nano-composite with appropriate [65] thermo-physical properties for energy storage (2010). Improving the solidification and melting rate by increasing the amount of nano-particles in the PCM [66] (2012). Reducing about 14.0 and 20.1% at the ambient [67] temperature of 9 °C and 12 °C, respectively (2013). Reducing the energy consumption for maintaining [68] the interior temperature by 79% (2014). The freezing time of the nano-enhanced PCM was [69] lower than the pure PCM (2014).PDF Image | Comprehensive Review of Thermal Energy Storage
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