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Equations for nodes 1 and N must take into account the node half thickness and the convection and radiation heat transfer. The set of N equations are simultaneously solved for the time-dependent temperatures at each of the nodes, and from this the energy stored in the wall Sustainability 2018, 10, 191 18 of 32 (relative to a base temperature troom) can be calculated. If there is airflow through vents and to the room, the energy added to the room by this Sustainability 2018, 10, 191 18 of 32 where λ is the thermal conductivity of wall; ρ is the wall density; cp is the specific heat of wall; τ is the mechanism will be macp,a(to − tr), where to is the outer glazing temperature, and tr is the room time.Equations for nodes 1 and N must take into account the node half thickness and the convection temperature. Equations for nodes 1 and N must take into account the node half thickness and the convection and radiation heat transfer. The set of N equations are simultaneously solved for the PCM can be incorporated in construction materials using different methods, such as direct and radiation heat transfer. The set of N equations are simultaneously solved for the time-dependent time-dependent temperatures at each of the nodes, and from this the energy stored in the wall incorportaemtiopner,atiumrems aetrseiaochn,ofetnhceanposduelsa,taiondn,frmomictrhois-etnhecaepnseurglyatsitonre,daindtheshwaaplle(-rsetlatbivileiztaotaiobna.seIn direct (relative to a base temperature troom) can be calculated. temperature t ) can be calculated. room incorporation and immersion, potential leakage has to be assessed. When the PCM is encapsulated If there is airflow through vents and to the room, the energy added to the room by this If there is airflow through vents and to the room, the energy added to the room by this mechanism or addedmeinchansishmapwei-lsltbaebimli , ias nthewoulateyregrlazpinpgeaterms pinerathtuerec,oansdtrtu temperature. a p,a o r d(to n−ewtr),mwahtereiatl cistiothne sryoostmem of the zce will be macp,a(to − tr), where to is the outer glazing temperature, and tr is the room temperature. wall. Traditionally, wallboards have been studied as one of the best options to incorporate PCM to PCM can be incorporated in construction materials using different methods, such as direct PCM can be incorporated in construction materials using different methods, such as direct incorporation, immersion, encapsulation, micro-encapsulation, and shape-stabilization. In direct incorporation, immersion, encapsulation, micro-encapsulation, and shape-stabilization. In direct buildinginwcoarpllosr.aAtioneawnd aimpmpreorsaiocnh, pinotPenCtiMal l-ewakaalglbeohasrdtosbiesatshsessaedd. Witihoen tohfeaPnCMaluismenicnaupmsulahtoedneorycomb in incorporation and immersion, potential leakage has to be assessed. When the PCM is encapsulated added in a shape-stabilized new material, a new layer appears in the construction system of the wall. containing a micro-encapsulated PCM wallboard (Figure 11) [60]. Similarly, PCM can also be or added in a shape-stabilized new material, a new layer appears in the construction system of the Traditionally, wallboards have been studied as one of the best options to incorporate PCM to impregnwaatelld. or mixed with concrete or mortar. One of the objectives pursued here is to maintain building walls. A new approach in PCM-wallboards is the addition of an aluminum honeycomb Traditionally, wallboards have been studied as one of the best options to incorporate PCM to the concrete mechanical properties while increasing its specific heat capacity. Another approach to in containing a micro-encapsulated PCM wallboard (Figure 11) [60]. Similarly, PCM can also be building walls. A new approach in PCM-wallboards is the addition of an aluminum honeycomb in incorporating PCM in building walls is to mix it with insulation materials. In a masonry wall, the impregnated or mixed with concrete or mortar. One of the objectives pursued here is to maintain containing a micro-encapsulated PCM wallboard (Figure 11) [60]. Similarly, PCM can also be PCM intchoercpoonrcaretitoenmeccahnanbicea,l pfororperxtaiems wphleil,ewinictrheainsincglaitys sbpreicifikcsh(eFaitgcuapreaci1t2y.)A[n6o1t]h.eIrnaptphreoaPchCtMo shutter impregnated or mixed with concrete or mortar. One of the objectives pursued here is to maintain incorporating PCM in building walls is to mix it with insulation materials. In a masonry wall, the PCM concept, a shutter-containing PCM is placed outside window areas. During the daytime, when they the concrete mechanical properties while increasing its specific heat capacity. Another approach to incorporation can be, for example, within clay bricks (Figure 12) [61]. In the PCM shutter concept, a areopeninecdortpoortahtiengouPtCsMidein,bthueildeinxgtewriaolrlssiisdtoemisixexitpwoistehdintsoulastoiolanrmratderiaiatliso.nIn,ahemaatsiosnraybwsoarllb,ethde,andthe shutter-containing PCM is placed outside window areas. During the daytime, when they are opened PCM incorporation can be, for example, within clay bricks (Figure 12) [61]. In the PCM shutter PCM melts. At night, we close the shutter and slide the windows, and heat from the PCM radiates to the outside, the exterior side is exposed to solar radiation, heat is absorbed, and the PCM melts. At concept, a shutter-containing PCM is placed outside window areas. During the daytime, when they into the rooms. night, we close the shutter and slide the windows, and heat from the PCM radiates into the rooms. are opened to the outside, the exterior side is exposed to solar radiation, heat is absorbed, and the PCM melts. At night, we close the shutter and slide the windows, and heat from the PCM radiates into the rooms. Figure 11. Microencapsulated PCM honeycomb wallboard [60]. FigurFeig1u1r.eM11i.cMroicernoecnacpaspusulalattedPCMhhonoenyecyomcobmwballwboaalrldbo[6a0r]d. [60]. Figure 12. Clay bricks including PCM macro-capsules [61]. Figure 12. Clay bricks including PCM macro-capsules [61]. 4.2.2. Active Technologies Figure 12. Clay bricks including PCM macro-capsules [61]. The use of thermal energy storage in building active systems is an attractive and versatile solution for several applications for new or retrofitted buildings, such as the implementation of RES 4.2.2. Active Technologies The use of thermal energy storage in building active systems is an attractive and versatile solution for several applications for new or retrofitted buildings, such as the implementation of RESPDF Image | Comprehensive Review of Thermal Energy Storage
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