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Sustainability 2018, 10, 191 3 of 32 Sustainability 2018, 10, 191 3 of 32 computational fluid dynamic approach is also a vastly used method to save money, where FLUENT software seems to be successfully used for different engineering applications [21]. The main types of thermal energy storage of solar energy are presented in Figure 1. An energy The main types of thermal energy storage of solar energy are presented in Figure 1. An energy storage system can be described in terms of the following characteristics [6]: Capacity defines the energy stored in the system and depends on the storage process, the Capacity defines the energy stored in the system and depends on the storage process, the medium, storage system can be described in terms of the following characteristics [6]: • medium, and the size of the system; and the size of the system; • Power defines how fast the energy stored in the system can be discharged (and charged); Power defines how fast the energy stored in the system can be discharged (and charged); Efficiency is the ratio of the energy provided to the user to the energy needed to charge the Efficiency is the ratio of the energy provided to the user to the energy needed to charge • • storage system. It accounts for the energy loss during the storage period and the Charge and discharge time defines how much time is needed to charge/discharge the system; and Charge and discharge time defines how much time is needed to charge/discharge the system; and • Cost refers to either capacity (€/kWh) or power (€/kW) of the storage system and depends on Cthoestcraepfeirtasltoanedithoeprecraaptaiocnityco(€s/tskWofht)hoersptorwaegre(€e/qkuWipm) oefnttheansdtoriatsgelifseytsitmeme (ain.ed.,dthepeenudms obnerthoef caypcilteasl).and operation costs of the storage equipment and its lifetime (i.e., the number of cycles). • the storage system. It accounts for the energy loss during the storage period and the charging/discharging cycle; charging/discharging cycle; Storage period defines how long the energy is stored and lasts hours to months (i.e., hours, days, Storage period defines how long the energy is stored and lasts hours to months (i.e., hours, days, weeks, and months for seasonal storage); weeks, and months for seasonal storage); Figure 1. Types of solar thermal energy storage (TES).. Capacity, power, and discharge time are interdependent variables. In some storage systems, Capacity, power, and discharge time are interdependent variables. In some storage systems, capacity and power can also depend on each other. Typical parameters for TES systems are shown capacity and power can also depend on each other. Typical parameters for TES systems are shown in in Table 1 [22], including capacity, power, efficiency, storage period, and cost. High-energy storage Table 1 [22], including capacity, power, efficiency, storage period, and cost. High-energy storage density density and high power capacity for charging and discharging are desirable properties of any and high power capacity for charging and discharging are desirable properties of any storage system. storage system. It is well known that there are three methods for TES at tem◦peratures from −40◦°C It is well known that there are three methods for TES at temperatures from −40 C to more than 400 C: to more than 400 °C: sensible heat, latent heat associated with PCMs, and thermo-chemical heat sensible heat, latent heat associated with PCMs, and thermo-chemical heat storage associated with storage associated with chemical reactions (Figure 2) [23]. chemical reactions (Figure 2) [23]. TES System Capacity (kWh/t) Power (MW) Efficiency (%) Storage Period Cost (€/kWh) Cost (€/kWh) 0.1–10 TES System 10–50 0.00110.0 10–50 0.001−10.0 Sensible (hot water) Capacity (kWh/t) Power (MW) Efficiency (%) Storage Period Table 1. Typical parameters of TES systems [22]. Table 1. Typical parameters of TES systems [22]. 50–90 days/months PSheanseib-cleha(hnogtewater) Phamsea-tcehraianlg(ePmCaMte)rial(PCM) 50–150 0.001−1.0 75–90 hours/months 10–50 50–150 0.0011.0 50–90 days/months 0.1–10 Chemical reactions 120–250 0.01−1.0 75–100 hours/days 8–100 Chemical reactions 120–250 0.011.0 75–100 hours/days 8–100 75–90 hours/months 10–50PDF Image | Comprehensive Review of Thermal Energy Storage
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