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sustainability Review A Comprehensive Review of Thermal Energy Storage Ioan Sarbu * ID and Calin Sebarchievici Department of Building Services Engineering, Polytechnic University of Timisoara, Piata Victoriei, No. 2A, 300006 Timisoara, Romania; calin.sebarchievici@upt.ro * Correspondence:ioan.sarbu@upt.ro;Tel.:+40-256-403-991;Fax:+40-256-403-987 Received: 7 December 2017; Accepted: 10 January 2018; Published: 14 January 2018 Abstract: Thermal energy storage (TES) is a technology that stocks thermal energy by heating or cooling a storage medium so that the stored energy can be used at a later time for heating and cooling applications and power generation. TES systems are used particularly in buildings and in industrial processes. This paper is focused on TES technologies that provide a way of valorizing solar heat and reducing the energy demand of buildings. The principles of several energy storage methods and calculation of storage capacities are described. Sensible heat storage technologies, including water tank, underground, and packed-bed storage methods, are briefly reviewed. Additionally, latent-heat storage systems associated with phase-change materials for use in solar heating/cooling of buildings, solar water heating, heat-pump systems, and concentrating solar power plants as well as thermo-chemical storage are discussed. Finally, cool thermal energy storage is also briefly reviewed and outstanding information on the performance and costs of TES systems are included. Keywords: storage system; phase-change materials; chemical storage; cold storage; performance 1. Introduction Recent projections predict that the primary energy consumption will rise by 48% in 2040 [1]. On the other hand, the depletion of fossil resources in addition to their negative impact on the environment has accelerated the shift toward sustainable energy sources. Renewable energies such as solar radiation, ocean waves, wind, and biogas have been playing a major role in reforming the natural balance and providing the needs of the growing population demand [2]. However, due to the climatic vagaries, the means of storing these types of renewable energy has become urgent [3]. This has lead to a need to develop efficient and sustainable methods of storing energy. Energy storage has become an important part of renewable energy technology systems. Thermal energy storage (TES) is a technology that stocks thermal energy by heating or cooling a storage medium so that the stored energy can be used at a later time for heating and cooling applications [4] and power generation. TES systems are used particularly in buildings and in industrial processes. Advantages of using TES in an energy system include an increase in overall efficiency and better reliability, and it can lead to better economics, reductions in investment and running costs, and less pollution of the environment, i.e., fewer carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions [5]. Solar thermal systems, unlike photovoltaic systems with striving efficiencies, are industrially mature and utilize a major part of the Sun’s thermal energy during the day. Yet, it does not have enough (thermal) backup to continue operating during the low or no solar radiation hours. TES is becoming particularly important for electricity storage in combination with concentrating solar power (CSP) plants where solar heat can be stored for electricity production when sunlight is not available. New materials are selected, characterized, and enhanced in their thermo-physical properties to serve the purpose of a 24 h operation in an efficient TES system. In Europe, it has been estimated that around 1.4 million GWh/year can be saved and 400 million tons of CO2 emissions avoided, in buildings and in industrial sectors by more extensive use of heat and cold storage [6]. Sustainability 2018, 10, 191; doi:10.3390/su10010191 www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainabilityPDF Image | Comprehensive Review of Thermal Energy Storage
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