PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 006
nes 2022, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 of 10 Membranes 2022, 12, 990 6 of 10 The effect of the feed (acceptor) flow rate on the salt transport was investigated by testing four different flow rates (0, 1, 20, and 100 mL/min) as shown in Figure 2. The se- lection of the intermediate flow rate values (1 and 20 mL/min) was based on physiological values, as the human artery and vein average blood flow rates were previously measured selection of the intermediate flow rate values (1 and 20 mL/min) was based on physiological values, as the human artery and vein average blood flow rates were previously measured to be 3–26 and 1–4.8 mL/min, respectively [24]. For the case of a stagnant feed solution to be 3–26 and 1–4.8 mL/min, respectively [24]. For the case of a stagnant feed solution (Figure 2a), the salt transport was very low and was not influenced by an increase the (Figure 2a), the salt transport was very low and was not influenced by an increase the concentration of the donor salt solution. This is most likely due to diffusive limitations at concentration of the donor salt solution. This is most likely due to diffusive limitations the interface of the donor and acceptor solutions leading to a decrease in the local salt at the interface of the donor and acceptor solutions leading to a decrease in the local salt gradient over time. Specifically, this mass transfer limitation could be attributed to the un- gradient over time. Specifically, this mass transfer limitation could be attributed to the disturbed stagnant layer on the membrane surface, which is less perturbed by the lower un-disturbed stagnant layer on the membrane surface, which is less perturbed by the lower flow rates, making the effect of the diffusion distance more dominant, as well as with the flow rates, making the effect of the diffusion distance more dominant, as well as with the increased boundary layer resistance that arises from the salinity gradient that occurs in increased boundary layer resistance that arises from the salinity gradient that occurs in between bulk and the membrane-liquid interface [25]. In addition to its low mass transfer, between bulk and the membrane-liquid interface [25]. In addition to its low mass transfer, stagnant transport is also undesirable since it promotes bacterial growth in the form of stagnant transport is also undesirable since it promotes bacterial growth in the form of biofilms [26]. For the cases with a continuously recycled feed solution (Figure 2b–d), the biofilms [26]. For the cases with a continuously recycled feed solution (Figure 2b–d), the increase in the salinity of the acceptor solutions from 20 to 350 g/L showed a more than increase in the salinity of the acceptor solutions from 20 to 350 g/L showed a more than four-fold increase in salt transport for the higher flow rate cases of 20 and 100 mL/min four-fold increase in salt transport for the higher flow rate cases of 20 and 100 mL/min (Figure 2c,d). At these higher flow rates, there is a smaller diffusive boundary layer near (Figure 2c,d). At these higher flow rates, there is a smaller diffusive boundary layer near the membrane surface which leads to a higher salt transport. the membrane surface which leads to a higher salt transport. Figure 2. The effect of solution flow rate on the salt pick-up under different salinity gradients in the Figure 2. The effect of solution flow rate on the salt pick-up under different salinity gradients salt cartridge. Solution flow rates include: (a) 0 mL/min, (b) 1 mL/min, (c) 20 mL/min and (d) 100 in the salt cartridge. Solution flow rates include: (a) 0 mL/min, (b) 1 mL/min, (c) 20 mL/min and (d) 100 mL/min. mL/min. In addition, the effect of the mass transport area (number of fibers) can be observed In addition, the effect of the mass transport area (number of fibers) can be observed by by comparing the red (10 fibers) vs. black (20 fibers) data in Figure 2. The number of fibers comparing the red (10 fibers) vs. black (20 fibers) data in Figure 2. The number of fibers in in the cartridges were chosen based on a variety of considerations including unit size, cost, the cartridges were chosen based on a variety of considerations including unit size, cost, and potential hold-up volume of physiological fluids. Although the mass transfer area is and potential hold-up volume of physiological fluids. Although the mass transfer area doubled from ~0.006 m2 to ~0.012 m2 w2hen the num2ber of fibers is doubled, the salt is doubled from ~0.006 m to ~0.012 m when the number of fibers is doubled, the salt transport does not double. Interestingly, similar results have been seen for dialyzers, where increasing the membrane area does not have a linear effect on uremic toxin removal. APDF Image | Integrated Salt Cartridge-Reverse Electrodialysis
PDF Search Title:
Integrated Salt Cartridge-Reverse ElectrodialysisOriginal File Name Searched:
membranes-12-00990.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
Product and Development Focus for Infinity Turbine
ORC Waste Heat Turbine and ORC System Build Plans: All turbine plans are $10,000 each. This allows you to build a system and then consider licensing for production after you have completed and tested a unit.Redox Flow Battery Technology: With the advent of the new USA tax credits for producing and selling batteries ($35/kW) we are focussing on a simple flow battery using shipping containers as the modular electrolyte storage units with tax credits up to $140,000 per system. Our main focus is on the salt battery. This battery can be used for both thermal and electrical storage applications. We call it the Cogeneration Battery or Cogen Battery. One project is converting salt (brine) based water conditioners to simultaneously produce power. In addition, there are many opportunities to extract Lithium from brine (salt lakes, groundwater, and producer water).Salt water or brine are huge sources for lithium. Most of the worlds lithium is acquired from a brine source. It's even in seawater in a low concentration. Brine is also a byproduct of huge powerplants, which can now use that as an electrolyte and a huge flow battery (which allows storage at the source).We welcome any business and equipment inquiries, as well as licensing our turbines for manufacturing.CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)