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This research used resources of the beamline 12-BM of the Advanced Photon Source (APS), a U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Science User Facility operated for the DOE Office of Science by Argonne National Laboratory under Contract DE-AC02–06CH11357. TEM and data analysis were supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, and Early Career Research Program under award #68278. A portion of the research was performed using EMSL, a DOE User Facility sponsored by the Office of Biological and Environmental Research and located at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. Author contributions Y.Y. led the team and supervised the experiments. H.T. prepared the materials and performed the electrochemical analyses. Z.L. prepared the materials and performed the Zn-air batteries tests. X.S. and G.F. built the in-situ visualization protocol for the Zn plating/stripping imaging. H.Z., M.W., and Z.F. performed the XAS analyses. Z.Y. and Y.D. performed the TEM characterizations and data analysis. D.F. and L.Z. carried out the surface wettability and AFM investigations. A.K. conducted the DFT calculations. All authors contributed to the discussion. Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests. Additional information Supplementary information is available for this paper at https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467- 020-20334-6. Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to Z.F., X.S. or Y.Y. Peer review information Nature Communications thanks the anonymous reviewers for their contribution to the peer review of this work. Reprints and permission information is available at http://www.nature.com/reprints Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. 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