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rupture and damage, especially under extreme deformations. In this case, hydrogel elec- Batteries 2022, 8, 59 trolytes with an intriguing self-healing property represent a good choice to tackle this is- sue. In general, self-healing ability is achieved by reversible dynamic bonding, such as hydrogen bonding, 𝜋–𝜋 conjugation, metal ionic bonding, or ester bonding [49]. For ex- ample, Niu et al. developed a self-healable hydrogel electrolyte based on PVA/zinc tri- namically form among PVA chains to realize the self-healing effect (Figure 5a) [35]. While connecting two fractured parts of the hydrogel electrolytes together, the separated halves healled suffificiienttlly such tthatt tthe crack diisappeared and ellecttrochemiicall perfformance was resttored (Figure 5b). TThheererseusultlatnatnZt IZBIBdidspislpaylaeydeadhaighhigchapcacpitayciftoyr froerternetieontiofnovoef ro8v1e.r0 −1 8m1.A0hmgAhagfter tahftreretbhreaekbinrega-khienagli-nhgeaclyinclgesc.ycles. fluoromethanesulfonate (Zn(CF3SO3)2), in which abundant hydrogen bonding could dy- Figure 5. (a) Working mechanism of the self-healing PVA/Zn(CF3SO3)2 hydrogel electrolyte. (b) The Figure 5. (a) Working mechanism of the self-healing PVA/Zn(CF3SO3)2 hydrogel electrolyte. (b) The self-healing behaviors of the self-healable hydrogel electrolyte. Reproduced with permission from self-healing behaviors of the self-healable hydrogel electrolyte. Reproduced with permission from [35]. [35]. (c) Fabrication of the self-healable ionic-crosslinked hydrogel electrolyte. (d) Schematic illus- (c) Fabrication of the self-healable ionic-crosslinked hydrogel electrolyte. (d) Schematic illustration of tration of the self-healing ZIBs. Reproduced with permission from [53]. the self-healing ZIBs. Reproduced with permission from [53]. In addition, Huang et al. exploited a self-healable hydrogel triggered by ferric ions In addition, Huang et al. exploited a self-healable hydrogel triggered by ferric ions 9 of 17 −1 crosslinking [53]. In this research, the Fe3+ ionic crosslinking formed among PANa chains crosslinking [53]. In this research, the Fe3+ ionic crosslinking formed among PANa chains bestowed the hydrogel electrolyte with an alkaline-tolerant capability and unique self- bestowed the hydrogel electrolyte with an alkaline-tolerant capability and unique self- healing property (Figure 5c). The assembled flexible Zn/NiCo battery exhibited a high healing property (Figure 5c). The assembled flexible Zn/NiCo battery exhibited a high −1 discharging capacity of 250 mAh g− 1 with a high retention of 87% after four cutting-healing discharging capacity of 250 mAh g with a high retention of 87% after four cutting-healing cycles (Figure 5d). Compared to the reversible physical bonding, the covalent bonding cycles (Figure 5d). Compared to the reversible physical bonding, the covalent bonding enabled higher self-healing efficiency due to its more stable bonding force [54]. However, enabled higher self-healing efficiency due to its more stable bonding force [54]. However, self-healing effects based on covalent bonding are generally triggered by external stimuli, self-healing effects based on covalent bonding are generally triggered by external stimuli, such as light, moisture or pH, hindering their application in batteries. such as light, moisture or pH, hindering their application in batteries. 3.4. All-Solid-State Zn-Based Batteries 3.4. All-Solid-State Zn-Based Batteries Zn--basedbattteriiessarenormalllyfabricatedinan aqueous system for ffllexible batteries. However,, tthe iissue off watterr eevaporrattiion and siide--reacttiions caused by watter seriiously hinder the development of flexible aqueous batteries. Therefore, the construction of liquid- free all-solid-state electrolytes with high ionic conductivity, long-term stability and a wide electrochemical window has great potential for the development of flexible Zn-based bat- teries, although this is still in its infancy. Poly(vinylidene fluoride hexafluoropropylene) (PVHF)/poly(ethylene oxide) filled with zinc salts or ionic liquid has been widely utilized as a solid polymer electrolyte, showing good flexibility and modulus [55,56]. Consider- ing the general incompatibility of solid–solid electrochemical interfaces arising from the stronger electrostatic bonding from divalent Zn2+, introducing inorganic fillers with a large surface area and rich surface chemistry represents a promising strategy to facilitate the dissociation and transport of Zn ions in solid polymer electrolytes [57,58]. Chen et al. developed a solid polymer electrolyte fabricated by MXenes well-dispersed PVHF grafted with poly(methyl acrylate) (PVHF/MXene-g-PMA) [59]. The abundant functional groups on the surface of MXene facilitated in-plane ion migration and compatibility between MXene and the polymeric matrix, which enabled the PVHF/MXene-g-PMA to deliver high ionic conductivity of 2.69 × 10−4 S cm−1 at room temperature (Figure 6a). Benefitting from the solvent-free characteristics and compatible interface, the assembled all-solid state ZIB exhibited stable electrochemical performance that could operate in a wide temperature range from −35 ◦C to 100 ◦C without HER. No obvious capacity loss was observed after being stored at low or high temperatures.PDF Image | Flexible Zn-Based Batteries with Polymer Electrolyte
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Product and Development Focus for Infinity Turbine
ORC Waste Heat Turbine and ORC System Build Plans: All turbine plans are $10,000 each. This allows you to build a system and then consider licensing for production after you have completed and tested a unit.Redox Flow Battery Technology: With the advent of the new USA tax credits for producing and selling batteries ($35/kW) we are focussing on a simple flow battery using shipping containers as the modular electrolyte storage units with tax credits up to $140,000 per system. Our main focus is on the salt battery. This battery can be used for both thermal and electrical storage applications. We call it the Cogeneration Battery or Cogen Battery. One project is converting salt (brine) based water conditioners to simultaneously produce power. In addition, there are many opportunities to extract Lithium from brine (salt lakes, groundwater, and producer water).Salt water or brine are huge sources for lithium. Most of the worlds lithium is acquired from a brine source. It's even in seawater in a low concentration. Brine is also a byproduct of huge powerplants, which can now use that as an electrolyte and a huge flow battery (which allows storage at the source).We welcome any business and equipment inquiries, as well as licensing our turbines for manufacturing.CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)