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temperature of −35 °C, the PVA−B−G hydrogel still exhibited excellent mechanical prop- Batteries 2022, 8, 59 7 of 17 erties that could easily be stretched to 400–500% strain. This anti-freezing hydrogel elec- trolyte also delivered a high ionic conductivity of 10.1 mS cm−1, which enabled the pre- pared Zn-MnO2 battery to show high capacity retention of 90% after 2000 cycles under −35 °C. The combination of the synergistic effects of hydrated ions and polyol solvents as additives is expected to further improve the low-temperature tolerance of hydrogel elec- trolytes. Figure 3. (a) The molecular structure and stretchability of the anti-freezing concentrated PANa hy- Figure 3. (a) The molecular structure and stretchability of the anti-freezing concentrated PANa drogel electrolyte. Reproduced with permission from [47]. (b) Schematic fabrication of PVA−B−G hydrogel electrolyte. Reproduced with permission from [47]. (b) Schematic fabrication of PVA−B−G hydrogel. Reproduced with permission from [48]. (c) Molecular models and simulated interactions hydrogel. Reproduced with permission from [48]. (c) Molecular models and simulated interactions between terminal groups and water molecules in different hydrogels. Reproduced with permission between terminal groups and water molecules in different hydrogels. Reproduced with permission from [49]. from [49]. The other common strategy to suppress the freezing of water in the hydrogel is to The other common strategy to suppress the freezing of water in the hydrogel is to con- conduct hydrogel network modification, such as by introducing hydrophilic groups (i.e., duct hydrogel network modification, such as by introducing hydrophilic groups (i.e., –OH, –OH, −NH2, –COOH) into the hydrogel network to interact with the free water molecules. −NH2, –COOH) into the hydrogel network to interact with the free water molecules. For For instance, Pei et al. exploited an alkalified PAA hydrogel filled with 30 wt% KOH so- instance, Pei et al. exploited an alkalified PAA hydrogel filled with 30 wt% KOH solution, lution, which exhibited a high ionic conductivity of 199 mS cm−1 at −20 °C (Figure 3c) [49]. which exhibited a high ionic conductivity of 199 mS cm−1 at −20 ◦C (Figure 3c) [49]. The The interaction energy of the carboxyl group with water molecules in the PAA matrix interaction energy of the carboxyl group with water molecules in the PAA matrix obtained obtained by density functional theory calculation was −12.92 kcal mol−1 in its initial state, by density functional theory calculation was −12.92 kcal mol−1 in its initial state, which which increased to −16.96 kcal mol−1 after the alkalified treatment, thus realizing better increased to −16.96 kcal mol−1 after the alkalified treatment, thus realizing better freezing tolerance. A flexible ZAB was fabricated which could retain both good electrochemical performance and mechanical stability and which sustained bending, twisting, and folding deformations at −20 ◦C, indicating outstanding low-temperature adaptability. 3.2. Thermoresponsive Zn-Based Batteries Thermo-reversible hydrogel is a new kind of smart material, which can display unique sol-gel phase transition behavior. Thermoresponsive hydrogel materials normally adopt a liquid-state at relatively low temperature, but can automatically transform into a gel- state upon heating to a high temperature. This process can be reversed when cooling back to a low temperature. The unique thermo-reversible property of this material makes it suitable for thermal shock prevention in high-power batteries. For instance, Chen et al. developed a thermoresponsive and hygroscopic hydrogel electrolyte based on a poly(N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) monomer for supercapacitors [50]. By controlling the ion migration inside the gel matrix through sol-gel transition, this thermoresponsive hydrogel electrolyte could deteriorate the electrochemical performance at high temperature and restore it to the initial state after cooling to room temperature, manifesting a self- protection effect. However, the limited solubility of zinc salt in this thermoresponsive hydrogel electrolyte adversely affected the specific capacity of the assembled battery. To improve the ionic conductivity of these thermoresponsive hydrogel materials, Zhu et al.PDF Image | Flexible Zn-Based Batteries with Polymer Electrolyte
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Product and Development Focus for Infinity Turbine
ORC Waste Heat Turbine and ORC System Build Plans: All turbine plans are $10,000 each. This allows you to build a system and then consider licensing for production after you have completed and tested a unit.Redox Flow Battery Technology: With the advent of the new USA tax credits for producing and selling batteries ($35/kW) we are focussing on a simple flow battery using shipping containers as the modular electrolyte storage units with tax credits up to $140,000 per system. Our main focus is on the salt battery. This battery can be used for both thermal and electrical storage applications. We call it the Cogeneration Battery or Cogen Battery. One project is converting salt (brine) based water conditioners to simultaneously produce power. In addition, there are many opportunities to extract Lithium from brine (salt lakes, groundwater, and producer water).Salt water or brine are huge sources for lithium. Most of the worlds lithium is acquired from a brine source. It's even in seawater in a low concentration. Brine is also a byproduct of huge powerplants, which can now use that as an electrolyte and a huge flow battery (which allows storage at the source).We welcome any business and equipment inquiries, as well as licensing our turbines for manufacturing.CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)