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Batteries 2022, 8, x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 of 17 Batteries 2022, 8, 59 6 of 17 energy textiles for wearable applications [44,45]. However, the manufacturing process for 1D fiber-shaped batteries is much more difficult than that for assembly into a 2D config- ergy density), as well as the complicated industrial manufacturing technologies involved, uration. require further development for optimization. Figure 2. Diiverse conffiigurations of ffllexible batteries. 3. Advanced Flexible Zn-Based Batteries with Functional Polymer Electrolytes With respect to potential for application, each cell architecture has its own ad- In recent years, intensive efforts have been devoted to the development of advanced vantages and disadvantages. Planar batteries with a sandwich structure can use stacked flexible Zn-based batteries with diverse functionalities to satisfy the requirements of dif- thick electrodes, which can be conducive to better battery performance, such as high en- ferent practical scenarios, such as extreme temperature tolerance, durability, and thermal ergy density. However, additional electrode current collectors and diaphragm layers are protection. In the research undertaken, the functional batteries not only achieve superior required. Such a multi-layer structure and a thicker battery will increase the hardness of electrochemical performance, but can also endure or respond to various external stimuli, the battery and adversely affect the flexibility of the battery. The 2D in-plane battery which demonstrating their excellent versatility for complicated working environments. To realize has interdigital anode and cathode integrated in one plane, can effectively reduce the these smart functionalities, the most common strategy is to design elaborate advanced thickness of the battery and thus achieve improved flexibility. The ion transmission dis- polymer electrolyte materials and to integrate them into battery devices. These approaches tance between the two electrodes will be greatly reduced, which is conducive to the real- are comprehensively summarized in the following sections. ization of high power density. However, due to limitations in the electrode active materi- als, the energy density needs to be further improved. Similar to the planar plug-in battery, 3.1. Low-Temperature Tolerant Zn-Based Batteries linear fiber-shaped batteries with a one-dimensional structure possess great advantages When working at sub-zero temperatures, the water in hydrogel electrolytes inevitably for the integration of practical devices due to their exceptional flexibility and deformabil- freezes, decreasing the ionic conductivity and leading to performance deterioration of Zn- ity. However, their electrochemical performance, especially of the thick electrode (corre- based batteries [46]. Extensive efforts have been devoted to developing low-temperature sponding to high energy density), as well as the complicated industrial manufacturing tolerant Zn-based batteries, which can maintain both mechanical flexibility and high ionic technologies involved, require further development for optimization. conductivity in extremely cold conditions. One common strategy to suppress the freezing of hydrogel electrolytes is to introduce additives, such as hydrated salts or polyol solvent, 3. Advanced Flexible Zn-Based Batteries with Functional Polymer Electrolytes into the polymer matrix to inhibit the intermolecular hydrogen bonding between free In recent years, intensive efforts have been devoted to the development of advanced water molecules. For instance, Wang et al. synthesized a concentrated PANa hydrogel flexible Zn-based batteries with diverse functionalities to satisfy the requirements of dif- electrolyte containing a 6 M KOH solution, which enabled the assembled NiCo//Zn ferent practical scenarios, such as e◦xtreme temperature tolerance, durability, and thermal battery to work stably even at −20 C (Figure 3a) [47]. More impressively, this concentrated protection. In the research undertaken, the functional batteries not only achieve superio−r1 hydrogel electrolyte could be stretched by 1400% with high ionic conductivity of 5.7 S m electrochem◦ical performance, but can also endure or respond to various external stimuli, under −20 C. The resultant flexible NiCo//Zn battery with the concentrated hydrogel demonstrating their excellent versatility for co−m1plicated working environments. To real- exhibited a high capacity of over 130 mAh g with exceptional retention of 87% after ize these smart functionalities, the most common strategy is to design elaborate advanced 10,000 cycles. As well as providing hydrated ions, introducing polyol solvents, such polymer electrolyte materials and to integrate them into battery devices. These ap- as glycerol and ethylene glycol (EG), as cryoprotectants can also improve the freezing proaches are comprehensively summarized in the following sections. tolerance of hydrogel electrolytes. For example, Chen et al. reported an anti-freezing flexible Zn-MnO2 battery equipped with a borax-crosslinked PVA/glycerol (PVA−B−G) 3.1. Low-Temperature Tolerant Zn-Based Batteries hydrogel [48]. In this study, the PVA−B−G hydrogel was synthesized by crosslinking PVAWanhdenglwycoerkoilnwgiatht sbuobra-zteriontes,mcponersatrtucretisn,gthinetwegartaetredin3hDydnreotwgeolreklsec(Ftriogluyrtes3bin).eEvvitean- ◦ baltytfhreeezxetsr,edmeeclryeacsoinldg theme ipoenriactcuornedoufct−iv3i5ty aCn,dthleadPiVnAg−toBp−eGrfohrmydarnocgeedl esteilrlioerxahtiobniteodf Zexnc-eblalseendt mbaetctehraiensic[a4l6p].rEoxpterntiseivsetheafftocrotsuhldaveeasbielyenbdeesvtroettecdhetoddtoev4e0lo0–p5in0g0%lowstr-taeimn.pTerhai-s anti-freezing hydrogel electrolyte also delivered a high ionic conductivity of 10.1 mS cm−1, ture tolerant Zn-based batteries, which can maintain both mechanical flexibility and high whichenabledthepreparedZn-MnO batterytoshowhighcapacityretentionof90%after ionic conductivity in extremely cold2conditions. One common strategy to suppress the 2000 cycles under −35 ◦C. The combination of the synergistic effects of hydrated ions and freezing of hydrogel electrolytes is to introduce additives, such as hydrated salts or polyol polyol solvents as additives is expected to further improve the low-temperature tolerance solvent, into the polymer matrix to inhibit the intermolecular hydrogen bonding between of hydrogel electrolytes. free water molecules. For instance, Wang et al. synthesized a concentrated PANa hydrogelPDF Image | Flexible Zn-Based Batteries with Polymer Electrolyte
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Product and Development Focus for Infinity Turbine
ORC Waste Heat Turbine and ORC System Build Plans: All turbine plans are $10,000 each. This allows you to build a system and then consider licensing for production after you have completed and tested a unit.Redox Flow Battery Technology: With the advent of the new USA tax credits for producing and selling batteries ($35/kW) we are focussing on a simple flow battery using shipping containers as the modular electrolyte storage units with tax credits up to $140,000 per system. Our main focus is on the salt battery. This battery can be used for both thermal and electrical storage applications. We call it the Cogeneration Battery or Cogen Battery. One project is converting salt (brine) based water conditioners to simultaneously produce power. In addition, there are many opportunities to extract Lithium from brine (salt lakes, groundwater, and producer water).Salt water or brine are huge sources for lithium. Most of the worlds lithium is acquired from a brine source. It's even in seawater in a low concentration. Brine is also a byproduct of huge powerplants, which can now use that as an electrolyte and a huge flow battery (which allows storage at the source).We welcome any business and equipment inquiries, as well as licensing our turbines for manufacturing.CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)