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Processes 2020, 8, 1362 Processes 2020, 8, x FOR PEER REVIEW 7 of 17 7 of 17 Table 2. Grain size and lattice parameters of the Mg–Al–Bi alloys. Table 2. Grain size and lattice parameters of the Mg–Al–Bi alloys. Sample Sample Grain Size/Å Grain Size/Å Lattice Parameters/Å Lattice Parameters/Å aabbcc Mg Mg–8%Al 251 5.1599 5.3346 5.3540 Mg 753 Mg–8%Al 753 251 244 3.2239.24294 3.232.294294 3.1825 3.1825 5.1599 5.3346 5.3540 3.1825 3.1825 3.1971 3.1971 In order to further determine the chemical composition of the Bi element in the discharge Mg–8%Al–0.4%Bi 244 3.1971 3.1971 3.4. XPS Analyses 3.4. XPS Analyses Mg–8%Al–0.4%Bi In order to further determine the chemical composition of the Bi element in the discharge product, product, XPS was used to prove the existence of the low-content element and to detect its valence. XPS was used to prove the existence of the low-content element and to detect its valence. Figure 5 is Figure 5 is the peak fitting curve of the XPS spectrum of Bi4f for Mg–8%Al–0.4%Bi alloy discharging the peak fitting curve of the XPS spectrum of Bi4f for Mg–8%Al–0.4%Bi alloy discharging for 30 min for 30 min at 120 mA cm−2. It reveals that the XPS spectrum of Bi4f has two high peaks and two low at 120 mA cm−2. It reveals that the XPS spectrum of Bi4f has two high peaks and two low peaks. peaks. By fitting data and comparing with standard binding energy, the peak of Bi4f5/2 has a peak of By fitting data and comparing with standard binding energy, the peak of Bi4f5/2 has a peak of Bi with a Bi with a binding energy of 157 eV and a characteristic peak of Bi3+ with a binding energy of 159 eV. binding energy of 157 eV and a characteristic peak of Bi3+ with a binding energy of 159 eV. Due to the Due to the presence of chloride ions and the neutral pH of the solution, Bi3+ exists in the form of BiOCl presence of chloride ions and the neutral pH of the solution, Bi3+ exists in the form of BiOCl [41]. [41]. Figure 5. XPS spectrum of Bi4f for Mg–8%Al–0.4%Bi alloy discharged at 120 mA/cm2 fo2r 30 min. Figure5.XPSspectrumofBi4fforMg–8%Al–0.4%Bialloydischargedat120mA/cm for30min. 3.53. .S5.ESMEManadnEdDEDS SAAnanlaylsyesses FigFuigreur6ea,6bas,hboswhothwetShEeMSiEmMagimeoafgMegofanMogdeaannodeMagn–d8%MAgl–80%.4A%lB–0i.a4n%oBdieasnuorfdaecessuarftaecresdiasfcthearrge 22 discharge at 120 mA/cm for 30 min. It is observed that the discharge products are distributed on the at 120 mA/cm for 30 min. It is observed that the discharge products are distributed on the anode anode surface in Mg and Mg–8%Al–0.4%Bi anodes The discharge product of Mg anode is thicker and surface in Mg and Mg–8%Al–0.4%Bi anodes The discharge product of Mg anode is thicker and has has fewer surface cracks, while the discharge product of Mg–8%Al–0.4%Bi anode is thinner and has fewer surface cracks, while the discharge product of Mg–8%Al–0.4%Bi anode is thinner and has more more surface cracks. According to reports, the discharge performance of Mg batteries is related to surface cracks. According to reports, the discharge performance of Mg batteries is related to their their appearance during discharge. Cao et al. [42] proved that the discharge products attached to the appearance during discharge. Cao et al. [42] proved that the discharge products attached to the surface surface of the Mg–Li-Al–Ce–Zn–Mn alloy are loose small pieces. These loose oxidation products of the Mg–Li-Al–Ce–Zn–Mn alloy are loose small pieces. These loose oxidation products allow the allow the electrolyte to penetrate and maintain the anode discharge activity, while the bulk discharge electrolyte to penetrate and maintain the anode discharge activity, while the bulk discharge products products quickly fall off. Therefore, the cracks that appear on the discharge product shown in Figure quickly fall off. Therefore, the cracks that appear on the discharge product shown in Figure 5 will also 5 will also promote the penetration of the electrolyte into the discharge product and maintain contact promote the penetration of the electrolyte into the discharge product and maintain contact with the with the substrate to maintain its discharge activity, while the thick one with fewer cracks formed on substrate to maintain its discharge activity, while the thick one with fewer cracks formed on the surface the surface of the magnesium anode blocks the contact between the electrolyte and the anode surface. Therefore, Mg–8%Al–0.4%Bi shows better discharge performance. of the magnesium anode blocks the contact between the electrolyte and the anode surface. Therefore, Mg–8%Al–0.4%Bi shows better discharge performance.PDF Image | Alloy Anode for Seawater Batteries and Related Mechanisms
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