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US 8,397,506B1 78 126. The Working ?uid drives the turbine 104 as it ?oWs through the turbine cavity 280. The Working ?uid ?oWs past theturbine104,outoftheturbinecavity280,andtothe?uid circuit 116 via turbine outlet 276 as indicated by arrow 138. As the turbine 104 isrotated, itgenerates a poWer output that may beusedtoperformWork. The alternator 108 is positioned Within a rotor (or loW pressure) cavity 112 ofthe housing 109. The alternatormay be, for example, a permanent magnet alternator With a rotor shaft 110 rotationally movable therein. Rotor cavity 112 is positioned Within housing 109 betWeen the compressor cav ity 278 and the turbine cavity 280. The rotor cavity 112 typically has a pressure loWer than the pressure in the com pressorandturbinecavities(278,280). Components, such as bearings and altemators, used in thermodynamic systems may have di?iculty operating in harsh conditions, such as at high temperature or pressures. The components may also have dif?culty operating When exposedtosupercritical?uidsthatcanhaveacorrosiveeffect. The pressure in the rotor cavity 112 may be loWered, for examplebypumping?uidtherefromviapump 163,insucha mannerastoprotectthebearingsfromhigh-pressuresduring operation. The pressure in the rotor cavity 112 is preferably adjustedtoenableoperationoftheTAC atevenhigh-pres sures, densities and/or temperatures, such as those of super critical?uids. The seals 182 and pump 163 may be used to provide a system that ishermetic. As the Working ?uid ?oWs from the rotorcavity112,the?uidmay berecirculatedbackintothe ?uid circuit 116, rather than being releasing into the sur rounding environment. In cases Where Working ?uids are ?ammable, toxic, or otherWise undesirable for release from thesystem,recirculationoftheWorking?uidthroughthe system may be desirable. WhilethedimensionsoftheTAC 102andportionsthereof may be of any dimension capable of generating poWer, the TAC preferablyhasacompactcon?guration.Working?uids havinghighdensityandhigh-pressure,suchassupercritical ?uids,mayalloWforamorecompactcon?guration.A com pactcon?gurationmay bedesirabletoreducecosts,adaptto limited space environments, reduce Windage and/or enhance other operational factors. HoWever, in some cases, opera tionallimitationsof,forexampleWorking?uidcharacteris tics,may limittheabilitytoprovideacompactdesign.The TAC dimensionsarepreferablycon?guredaccordingto?uid selection, rotor dynamics, desired poWer requirements, spe ci?c conditions and/or to generate poWer for various applica tions. FIG.3isadetailedvieWofaportion3oftheTAC 102of FIG. 2. This vieW depicts seal 18219 and compressor 106 in greaterdetail.As shoWn, seal18219ispositionedaboutcom pressor106 andWithinhousing 109.As describedpreviously, seal182!)preferablyselectivelypermitsthepassageofWork ing ?uid from the compressor cavity 278, and into the rotor cavity112. Compressor cavity 278 typically maintains a pressure higherthanthepressureintherotorcavity112.As pressure differentialsbetWeenthecompressorcavity278andtherotor cavity 112 increase and/or as de?ection of the rotor shaft 110 and/or other components increases, forces (loads) on the bearings 114, 215 typically increase. During this time, seal 182!) preferably deforms to alloW a portion of the Working ?uidtopassfromthecompressorcavity278,overtheseal 18219 and into the rotor cavity 112. The?oW ofWorking?uidpasttheseals182andintothe rotor cavity preferably provides a reduction of temperature therein.The?oW oftheWorking?uidpasttheseals18219and acrossthebearings114,215preferablyprovidesforcooling thereof. Other components in the rotor cavity, such as the rotorshaftand/oralternator,may alsobecooled.Preferably, thethermodynamic system 100 iscon?gured suchthatWork ing ?uid passing from the compressor cavity 278 is in the formofagasasitleakspasttheseal182b,andturnstoaliquid as it enters the rotor cavity 112 and cools the bearings 114, 215. The leakage of ?uid through the seals 182 preferably expandstheWorking?uidinanapproximateisenthalpicpro cess thereby causing the ?uid to cool. Depending on the parameteroftheWorking?uidselected,theWorking?uid maybemanipulatedsuchthattheWorking?uidconvertsfrom a gas to a liquid phase to achieve the cooling effect. The rotor cavity 112 is isolated from the compressor and turbinecavities(278,280)byseals182a,b.Theseals182a,b preferably provide a seal about the alternator 108. Seal 18211 is positioned in the housing 109 betWeen the turbine 104 and the alternator 108. Seal 18211 is also positioned betWeen the turbine104andthejoumalbearing114a.Seal182!)isposi 20 tionedinthehousing109betWeenthecompressor106andthe alternator108. Seal182!)isalsopositionedbetWeenthecom pressor 106 and the journal bearing 11419. In this con?gura tion,bearings114,215arepositionedWithintherotorcavity betWeentheseals182a,b. Duringoperation,thebearingsmay beexposedtofactors, suchasheavyloads,hightemperatures,high-pressures,cor rosive ?uids, and other harsh conditions. Such harsh condi tions may cause components, such as the bearings, to fail. Preferably,thebearings114,215areplacedintherotorcavity30 112 to isolate the bearings from harsh conditions in the sys tem. Seals 182a,b are positioned about the alternator to iso late the rotor cavity 112 from the compressor and turbine cavities278,280.Inthiscon?guration,thebearings114,215 arecontainedintheloWerpressurerotorcavity112aWay 35 fromthehigh-pressureWorking?uid. Theseals182a,bpreferablyselectivelypermitthepassage of Working ?uid from the compressor cavity 278 and/or tur binecavity280,andintotherotorcavity112.Preferably,the thermodynamicsystem100iscon?guredsuchthat?uidleaks40 pasttheseals182toreducethetemperatureintherotorcavity rotor cavity 112 as Will be described further beloW. Prefer ably,theseals182operateinamannerthatiscompatibleWith the bearings and/or assists in the operation thereof. In cases WheretheWorking?uidexitingthesealsisaliquidatthe45 selectedrotorcavitypressure,liquid?lmbearings,suchastilt pad bearings, may be used. The seals 182a,b may be any seal(s) capable of ?uidly isolating portions ofthe housing 109. Such seals may be, for example,labyrinthgasseals,dryliftofseals,brushseals,50 Windback seals, abradable seals, hole pattern seals and/or other compatible seals. As depicted, the seals 18211,!) are positioned betWeen the rotor cavity 112 and the turbine and compressor cavities (278, 280). HoWever, itWill be appreci atedthatoneormoreseals182maybeplacedinvarious 55 locations about the TAC 102 to provide ?uid isolation as desired. The rotor cavity 112 has ports 213 in ?uid communication Withthe?uidcircuit116(FIG.1).Theports213alloW?uidto releasefromtherotorcavity112asindicatedbyarroWs143 60 (FIG. 1). Typically, ?uid release occurs When Working ?uid passesfromthecompressorand/orturbinecavities(278,280) and into the rotor cavity 112. Fluid passes from the rotor cavity 112 via ports 213 and into the ?uid circuit as indicated byarroWs143.Anauxiliarypump,suchasgasbooster163of 65 FIG. 1, may 335 be placed in ?uid communication With the rotorcavity112toselectivelypump ?uidtherefrom. 25PDF Image | United States Patent Wright et a1. TURBO-ALTERNATOR-COMPRESSOR DESIGN FOR SUPERCRITICAL HIGH DENSITYWORKING FLUIDS
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