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US 8,397,506B1 56 is provided in the ?uid circuit 116 to increase the pressure of the Working ?uid as it exits the rotor cavity 112. turbine inlet temperature that can be obtained using the heat source that is available, materials compatibility, decomposi tion temperature and other operational considerations. FIG.2depictsTAC 102ingreaterdetail.TheTAC 102is preferably con?gured to generate poWer as depicted, for example inthethermodynamic system 100 ofFIG. 1.HoW ever,itWillbeappreciatedthattheTAC 102maybeusedin The ?uid circuit 116 is provided With a chiller 160 for coolingtheWorking?uidbeforeitentersthecompressor106. The ?uid circuit 116 is also provided With a heater 162 for heatingtheWorking?uidbeforeitenterstheturbine104.The ?uidcircuit116isalsoprovidedWitharecuperator161for recoveringWastedheatfromthe?uidexitingthecompressor othersystems. 106, and using that Wasted heat to cool ?uid exiting the turbine 104. While the ?uid circuit is depicted as having a chiller 160, a heater 162 and a recuperator 161, it Will be appreciated that one or more heat exchangers may be posi tioned at various locations throughout the ?uid circuit to selectively adjust the ?uid parameters as it ?oWs there through.The?uidcircuit116isalsoprovidedWithadditional devices, such as ?oW meters 150, thermometers 152, pressure gauges 154, and densitometers 156, formeasuring param etersoftheWorking ?uid. While the thermodynamic system 100 is depicted as hav ingcertaindevices,such205asvalves(134,136),heat20 exchangers (chiller 160, heater 162), pumps (gas booster 163), ?oW meters 150, thermometers 152, pressure gauges 154,anddensitometers156,alongthe?uidcircuit116,itWill be appreciated that one or more of these and/or other devices maybepositionedinvariouslocationsaboutthethermody 25 namic system 100 for manipulating, measuring and/or ana lyZing the Working ?uid as desired. The con?guration of the ?uidcircuit116and/oritsfeatures,deviceand/orcomponents may beadaptedasdesiredsothatthethermodynamic system 100operatesasdesired.Forexample,thethermodynamic 30 system100may alsobeprovidedWithoneormoreTACs or othercomponents and/ordevicesdescribedherein. As used herein, a “Working ?uid” refers to a ?uid usable in thethermodynamicsystem100tooperatetheTAC 102to generatethedesiredWork.TheWorking?uidpreferablyhasa 35 temperature,pressureanddensitythatpermits?oW through the ?uid circuit 116 to perform the desired operation. The Working?uidmaybeany?uidthatmaybeselectivelyheated, cooled, pressurized, drained, diverted and/or otherWise manipulatedthroughthethermodynamicsystem100togen 40 eratepoWer.Examples of?uidsthatmay beusedasWorking ?uids are inorganic compounds (e.g., SP6), noble gases (e.g., Xenon),ole?ns(e.g.,ethylene),fuels(e.g.,propane),refrig erants(e.g,C4F8),andcombinationsthereof.Additives,mix tures,injectionsandothervarietiesofoneormore?uidsmay 45 beusedasWorking ?uidand/orincombinationthereWith. The selectedWorking?uidmay alsobeasupercritical?uid (e.g., CO2, SP6, Xenon, propane, C4F8, and/or most other refrigerants). A “supercritical Working ?uid” is a Working ?uidthatoperatesattemperaturesandpressuresthatare50 above but near the critical temperature and pressure for that ?uid.A supercriticalWorking?uidistypicallyahighdensity and high-pressure gas using a single phase ?uid, such as carbon dioxide (CO2). Generally, this means that the ?uid Will operate at high-pressures and high densities. For 55 example,CO2 hasacriticaltemperatureofabout880F.(304 K), a critical pressure of about 1070 psia (7.38 MPa), and a ?uiddensityofabout47% thedensityofWater(atroom temperatureandpressure). The compressor 106 and turbine 104 are preferably 60 adapted to operate With a supercritical Working ?uid. Other Workingand/orsupercritical?uidsmay alsobeused.Prefer ably, the supercritical Working ?uid operates With Brayton Cycles that have compressors that operate near the critical temperatureandpressureofthesupercriticalWorking?uid. 65 The actual choice for the Working ?uid may depend on fac tors, such as Waste heat rejection temperature, maximum TAC 102includestheturbine104andthecompressor106, With the alternator 108 positioned therebetWeen. The turbine 104, compressor 106 and alternator 108 are positioned in the housing 109 along the rotor shaft 110. These components preferably are integrated for cooperative operation. The tur bine 104 operatively connects to rotor shaft 110 for rotation thereWith. The compressor 106 is also operatively connected to rotor shaft 110 for rotation thereWith. Bearings(114a,b,215)arepositionedinthehousing109to provide support.Journal (orgas)bearings 141,!)areposi tioned about the alternator 108 Within the housing 109 to providesupportthereto.Asdepicted,onejournalbearing 11411 is positioned about the alternator 108 near the turbine 104,andanotherjournalbearing11419ispositionedaboutthe alternator 108 near the compressor 106. Preferably, the jour nalbearingsarecon?guredtoabsorbforces(loads)appliedto thealternator108.Thesejournalbearings114a,bmaybeused to prevent radial movement and/or de?ection of the housing 109 and/or the components therein. For example, thejournal bearings114a,bmay beusedtoreducede?ectionoftherotor shaft110duringoperation. Thrustbearings215arepositionedaboutthealternator108 nearthecompressor106andWithinthehousing109topro videsupportthereto.As depicted,thethrustbearings215are positioned betWeen the journal bearing 11419 and the com pressor106.Preferably,thethrustbearings215arecon?g uredtoabsorbaxialforces(loads)appliedtothealternator 108.Thesethrustbearings215may beusedtopreventmove ment and/orde?ectionofthehousing 109 and/orthecompo nents therein. For example, the thrust bearings 215 may be used to absorb axial thrust applied to the compressor 106 duringoperation. Preferably,thebearings(114,215)arepositionedaboutthe housing 109 to support components therein and/or to absorb forces (or loads) applied to the various components. The bearings(114,215)may beanybearingspositionableinthe TAC 102foroperatingWiththecomponentstherein.For example,thebearingsmaybegasfoil,bal,tiltpad,magnetic and/orotherbearings.The bearings 114, 215 arepreferably adapted to enhance operation and/or resist equipment dam age. While the bearings 114, 215 are depicted in a certain con?guration,itWillbeappreciatedthatvarioustypesand/or number ofbearings may be positioned atvarious locations in and/orabouttheTAC toenhanceoperation.Preferably,bear ings are positioned Within rotor cavity 112 as Will be described further herein. The housing 109 has a compressor inlet 270 and a com pressoroutlet272 in?uidcommunicationWiththe?uidcir cuit 116 (FIG. 1). The Working ?uid passes from the ?uid circuit116andtothecompressor106viacompressorinlet 270 as indicated by arroW 120. The Working ?uid is com pressed as it?oWs past the compressor 106 and into a com pressor cavity 278. The compressed Working ?uid ?oWs out ofcompressorcavity278,andoutthecompressoroutlet272 to the ?uid circuit 116 as indicated by arroW 128. Turbine 104 also has a turbine inlet274 and a turbine outlet 276in?uidcommunicationWiththe?uidcircuit116(FIG.1). The Working ?uid passes from the ?uid circuit 116 and into a turbinecavity280 viaturbineinlet274 asindicatedby arroWPDF Image | United States Patent Wright et a1. TURBO-ALTERNATOR-COMPRESSOR DESIGN FOR SUPERCRITICAL HIGH DENSITYWORKING FLUIDS
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