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World Energy Council 2013 World Energy Resources: Geothermal The magnitude of low-temperature geothermal resources in the world is about 140 EJ/yr of heat. For comparison, the world energy consumption is now about 420 EJ/yr. It is considered possible to produce up to 8.3% of the total world electricity with geothermal resources, supplying 17% of the world population. Thirty nine countries (located mostly in Africa, Central/South America and the Pacific) can potentially produce 100% of their electric- ity using geothermal resources (Dauncey, 2001). Types of Geothermal Resource Geothermal resources are usually classified as shown in Fig. 9.1, modelled after White and Williams (1975) and ranging from the mean annual ambient temperature of around 20 ̊C to over 300 ̊C. In general, resources above 150 ̊C are used for electric power generation, although power has recently been generated at Chena Hot Springs Resort in Alaska using a 74 ̊C geothermal resource (Lund, 2006). Resources below 150 ̊C are usually used in direct- use projects for heating and cooling. Ambient temperatures in the 5–30 ̊C range can be used with geothermal (ground-source) heat pumps which provide both heating and cooling. Figure 9.1 Geothermal resource types (Source: White and Williams, 1975) Resource type Temperature range (oC) Convective hydrothermal resources Vapour dominated ≈240o Hot-water dominated 20o-350o+ Other hydrothermal resources Sedimentary basin 20o-150o Geopressured 90o-200o Radiogenic 30o-150o Hot rock resources Solidified (hot dry rock) 90o-650o Part still molten (magma) >600o Convective hydrothermal resources can be found where the Earth’s heat is carried upward by convective circulation of naturally-occurring hot water or steam. Underlying some high-temperature convective hydrothermal resources are temperatures of 500o-1 000 ̊C from molten intrusions of recently solidified rocks. The lower temperature resources result from deep circulation of water along fractures. Vapour dominated systems (‘dry steam’) produce steam from boiling of deep, saline waters in low permeability rocks. These reservoirs – few in number – The Geysers in northern California, Larderello in Italy and Matsukawa in Japan are being used to produce electricity. Water-dominated systems (‘wet steam’) are based on ground water circulating at depth and ascending from permeable reservoirs with the same temperature over large volumes. There is typically an upflow zone at the centre of each convection cell, an outflow zone or plume of heated water moving laterally away from the centre of the system, and a down- flow zone where recharge is taking place. On the surface they can appear as hot springs, fumaroles, geysers, travertine deposits, chemically altered rocks, or sometimes they are not noticeable at all (a blind resource). Hot dry rock resources are defined as heat stored in rocks within about 10 km from the surface from where energy cannot be economically extracted by natural hot water or steam. 9.3PDF Image | World Energy Council 2013 World Energy Resources Geothermal
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