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9.2 World Energy Resources: Geothermal World Energy Council 2013 Strategic insight 1. Introduction Geothermal Resources Potential Geothermal energy comes from the natural heat of the Earth primarily due to the decay of the naturally radioactive isotopes of uranium, thorium and potassium. Because of the inter- nal heat, the Earth’s surface heat flow averages 82 mW/m2 which amounts to a total heat of about 42 million megawatts. The total heat content of the Earth is of the order of 12.6 x 1024 MJ, and that of the crust, the order of 5.4 x 1021 MJ (Dickson and Fanelli, 2004). This huge number can be compared to the world electricity generation in 2007 of 7.1 x 1013 MJ (IEA, 2009). The thermal energy of the Earth is immense, but only a fraction of it can be utilised. So far utilisation of this energy has been limited to areas where geological conditions permit a carrier (water in the liquid or vapour phases) to ‘transfer’ the heat from deep hot zones to or near the surface, thus creating geothermal resources. On average, the temperature of the Earth increases with depth, about 25–30 ̊C/km above the surface ambient temperature (called the geothermal gradient). Thus, assuming a conductive gradient, the temperature of the earth at 10 km would be over 300 ̊C. However, most geo- thermal exploration and use occurs where the gradient is higher, and thus where drilling is shallower and less costly. These shallow depth geothermal resources occur due to: 1) intru- sion of molten rock (magma) from depth, bringing up great quantities of heat; 2) high surface heat flow, due to a thin crust and high temperature gradient; 3) ascent of groundwater that has circulated to depths of several kilometres and been heated due to the normal temper- ature gradient; 4) thermal blanketing or insulation of deep rocks by thick formation of such rocks as shale whose thermal conductivity is low; and 5) anomalous heating of shallow rock by decay of radioactive elements, perhaps augmented by thermal blanketing (Wright, 1998). At the base of the continental crust, temperatures are believed to range from 200 to 1 000°C, and at the centre of the earth the temperatures may be in the range of 3 500 to 4 500°C. The heat is transferred from the interior towards the surface mostly by conduction. Geothermal production wells are commonly more than 2 km deep, but rarely much more than 3 km. With the average geothermal thermal gradient, a 1 km well in dry rock formations would have a bottom temperature near 40–45°C in many parts of the world (assuming a mean annual air temperature of 15°C) and a 3 km well one of 90–100°C. Bertani (2003) found that, based on a compilation of estimates produced by a number of experts, the expected geothermal electricity potential ranges from a minimum of 35–70 GWe to a maximum of 140 GWe. The potential may be orders of magnitude higher, based on enhanced geothermal systems (EGS) technology. Stefansson (2005) concluded that the most likely value for the technical potential of geothermal resources suitable for electric- ity generation is 210 GWe. Theoretical examinations indicate that the magnitude of hidden resource can be 5–10 times larger than the estimate of identified resources.PDF Image | World Energy Council 2013 World Energy Resources Geothermal
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