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The enthalpy loss in the turbine has to be maximal in order to minimize the mass flow of the fluid flowing in the pump. Pump consumption will be therefore lower, increasing the net cycle efficiency ; On the entropy versus temperature diagram, the inclination of the curve has to be as close as possible to the isentropic curve (vertical) to avoid excess overheating at the outlet of the turbine and the use of an expensive recuperation exchanger The ODP or GWP environmental impact has to be minimal; The cost of the fluid is a parameter to be included in the analysis. ORC modules available on the market use one of the following working fluids depending on the temperature of the hot source: Refrigerants (R245fa, R134a) are used at low temperatures (100-180°C); For medium temperatures sources (between 200 and 250°C), hydrocarbons such as pentane and hexane are chosen; For higher temperatures (250-350°C), a class of fluids called siloxanes achieves efficiencies of around 20%. Finally, for temperatures above 350°C, some manufacturers use Toluene. Market and key players The markets covered by the ORC technology are primarily: Small power plants using biomass (the ORC module is generally connected to a thermal oil boiler); Valorisation of geothermal sources at low and medium temperature where steam plants are inefficient; Small solar thermal power plants using parabolic troughs or linear Fresnel collectors; Waste heat recovery power plants with heat sources at temperatures down to 90°C, a market covered by this paper. ORC technology has been widely used during the last 20 years, with more than 300 units installed for a total capacity of more than 2,000 MWe, most of them designed for temperatures greater than 150°C and mainly geothermal applications. The most important players in the market are American Companies (ORMAT, Pratt&Whitney, GE Heat Recovery), Italian but US-owned (Turboden owned by Pratt&Whitney), GermanPDF Image | Waste heat recovery projects using ORC
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