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26 M.-H. Yang, R.-H. Yeh / Renewable Energy 68 (2014) 25e34 Fig. 1. (a). Schematic diagram of the OTEC plant using ORC system. (b). Temperature and entropy diagram of the OTEC plant using ORC system. heat of nuclear power condenser [13] have been applied to increase the temperature of warm seawater. A 100-kW OTEC pilot plant, in which R22 was used the working fluid, was constructed on-land for demonstration in the Republic of Nauru in 1981 [14]. The system operated between the warm surface water and a cold seawater source of 5e8 C at a depth of 500e Fig. 2. The temperatureeentropy plots of working fluids. 700 m, with a temperature difference of 20 C. An experimental study measured the temperature and pressure before and after each component of a demonstration OTEC system was reported by Faizal and Ahmed [15]. According to the report, a maximum ther- mal efficiency of approximately 1.5% was obtained in the OTEC system when R134a was used as the working fluid. They also determined that both the thermal efficiency and the power output of the system increased upon increasing the operating temperature difference, which is the temperature difference between warm and cold seawater. Wang et al. [16] investigated a regenerative ORC experimentally in which R123 was used as working fluid, and re- ported that the performance of basic ORC system and the regen- erative system were 6.15% and 7.98%, respectively, with a 130 C geothermal heat source. These results showed that the regenerator in the ORC system improved by 1.83% as the power output was 6 kW. From the points of view of performance and economy, finding the optimal operating temperature of the heat exchanger is critical for making the heat exchanger as small as possible when using an available temperature difference of only approximately 20 C. The heat transfer performance in exchangers of the Rankine cycle has been considered widely to evaluate OTEC systems from an eco- nomic standpoint. An objective function, which represented the ratio of total heat transfer area to the net power output of the OTEC system, was presented by Ganic and Moeller [17], who analyzed the optimization for a 1-MW OTEC power system operated in a simple closed Rankine cycle with R717 being used as the working fluid. To evaluate the influence of the heat exchanger on the power output, Nakaoka and Uehara [18] tested the performance of a shell- and-plate-type evaporator for OTEC plants. Moore and Martin [19] proposed a method to determine the minimal heat transfer area forPDF Image | Analysis of optimization in an OTEC plant using ORC
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