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(79.55 g/mol) has many commercial applications including use as an optical glass-polishing agent. A manufacturer used a proprietary surfactant at a mass between 5 % and 15 % of the mass of the CuO as a dispersant for the RL68H/CuO mixture (nanolubricant). The manufacturer made the mixture such that nominally 40 % of the mass was CuO particles. The mixture was diluted in-house to roughly a 3 % and a 5.8 % mass fraction of CuO2 by adding neat RL68H and ultrasonically mixing the solution for approximately 24 h. The particle size and dispersion were verified by a light scattering technique several weeks after mixing. The particles were approximately 35 nm and well dispersed with little particle agglomeration (Sung, 2006). 3. MEASUREMENTS 3.1 Stabinger Viscometer A Stabinger Viscometer was use to measure the dynamic viscosity and the density of the liquid nanolubricant at various temperatures between approximately 288 K and 318 K. During the measurements, the atmospheric pressure varied between 0.12 MPa and 0.09 MPa at an approximate altitude of 137 m above sea level at Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA. The viscometer uses a vibrating U-tube to determine the density. The kinematic viscosity report here is obtained by dividing the dynamic viscosity by the density. The operation principle of the Stabinger Viscometer relies on rotating concentric cylinders. The liquid sample of a Stabinger Viscometer is contained in the annulus of a concentric cylinder where the inner cylinder is hollow and of less mass than the sample. This allows the inner cylinder to float freely and centered by centrifugal forces in the sample when the outer cylinder is spun by a rotating magnetic field. Viscous shear forces on the liquid transfer the rotation to the inner cylinder. Measurements on the inner cylinder are used to calculate the difference in speed and torque between the outer and inner cylinder, and thus, the dynamic viscosity. Wasp et al. (1977) have recommended concentric cylinder viscometers for use with solid-liquid suspensions. All calculations are internal to the instrument and the results are displayed on a LCD screen and printed on rolled paper. 3.2 Uncertainties The viscometer-manufacturer quoted uncertainty for the 95 % confidence level for the kinematic viscosity and the density was ± 0.35 % and ± 0.5 kg·m-3, respectively. The viscometer was used to measure the density and viscosity of a calibration fluid with a nominal density and viscosity at 293.15 K of 1320 mm2·s-1 and 845.4 kg·m-3, respectively. Residuals between the measurements and the calibration standard over the same temperature range of this study were within the quoted specifications of the manufacturer. Using the comparison with the standard and the residuals of the regressions for each individual fluid, the uncertainties for the viscosity and density measurements for each fluid were calculated and are presented in Table 1. In general, the uncertainties increase with increasing nanoparticle mass fraction, which is likely due, in part, to variations in the sample composition between repeat test runs. For the neat lubricant (without nanoparticles) the uncertainty of the density and the viscosity is a respectable ± 0.01 % and ± 2 %, respectively. Adding CuO nanoparticles results in larger increases in the viscosity uncertainty than in the uncertainty of the density. As shown in Table 1, the uncertainty for the density and viscosity measurements, for all of the nanolubricants, was less than ± 0.5 %, and ± 30 %, respectively. The larger uncertainty in the viscosity was due to the greater sensitivity of the viscosity to between-run variations in mass fraction. The uncertainty of the CuO mass fractions and uncertainties of this study were: 40 % ± 0.5 %, 5.8 % ± 0.1 %, and 3 % ± 0.06 %. The mass fraction uncertainties are based on the uncertainty 2 The influence of the 3 % and the 5.8 % mass nanolubricants on refrigerant boiling was previously investigated by Kedzierski (2008). Paper No. IIR-177PDF Image | VISCOSITY AND DENSITY OF CUO NANOLUBRICANT
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