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to the decrease in total metal required, even when the SAT heat exchanger is more widely and cheaply manufactured. The simple design of the PAF heat exchanger and ease of disassembly easily allows for additional plates to be added or extra plates to be removed to respond to future process changes whereas the SAT heat exchanger is fixed at the manufactured size and cannot be easily expanded and requires substantial effort to disassemble. The fouling rate is a big concern for the longevity of the product and decreased maintenance costs. The PAF heat exchanger is able to avoid the majority of this fouling due to its plate design and induced turbulence in the flow where the SAT heat exchanger has a much higher fouling rate because of its circular cross section and channeling. A study was performed by Heat Transfer Research Inc. which carried out experiments about comparative fouling rates and found that PAF heat exchangers to foul at a rate of one-quarter that of the TEMA recommended rates as well as the experimentally found cleaning rates for in SAT heat exchangers. This decrease in fouling greatly reduces the associated maintenance responsibilities that are incurred in SAT types [71]. The effectiveness of chemical cleaning is also greater in the PAF heat exchanger, leading to even less required shut-down cleaning. Other maintenance issues that arise from the SAT heat exchanger are that to inspect the working parts, the entire assembly must be removed. This increases the possibility of a complete failure occurring before the replacement of failed components. The SAT heat exchanger also has a much larger amount of heat loss to the atmosphere due to convection and radiation than does the PAF type, to reduce this heat loss the addition of insulation is required [11]. Other advantages of the plate-and-frame heat exchanger include less clearance space around the exchanger is required for maintenance considerations because of how it assembles and 33PDF Image | TUDY OF LOW-GRADE WASTE HEAT RECOVERY
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