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Presented at “Short Course VI on Utilization of Low- and Medium-Enthalpy Geothermal Resources and Financial Aspects of Utilization”, organized by UNU-GTP and LaGeo, in Santa Tecla, El Salvador, March 23-29, 2014. GEOTHERMAL TRAINING PROGRAMME LaGeo S.A. de C.V. NEW DEVELOPEMENT IN THE ORC TECHNOLOGY Dr. Páll Valdimarsson Reykjavik University / Atlas Copco GAP Geothermal competence Center Reykjavik / Cologne ICELAND / GERMANY pallv@ru.is / pall.valdimarsson@de.atlascopco.com ABSTRACT This paper treats a few aspects of the Organic Rankine Cycle technology. The benefits of variable geometry inlet guide vanes (IGV’s) in radial turbines for the ORC cycle are presented and discussed. One of the areas where variable IGV’s are beneficial is cogeneration of power and district heat. Cogeneration and how the district heating should be connected to the power plant is presented, as well as the benefits from the variable IGV’s. The third theme treated is the so-called transcritical ORC cycle, which is already established in waste heat recovery, but is now making its entry into geothermal power production. Finally a hybrid power plant is discussed, in this case a back pressure steam turbine is used together with an ORC plant, making release of non-condensable gases easier, as well as enabling the use of wells with lower wellhead pressure than what a flash plant could use. 1. THE ORC TECHNOLOGY FOR GEOTHERMAL POWER PRODUCTION The most common technology for geothermal power production is a flash cycle, where the geothermal fluid is allowed to boil and the generated steam is expanded through a steam turbine in one or two pressure stages (single/double flash), usually in a condensing plant. Back pressure turbines have low efficiency and are seldom used. Some geothermal fields have very high enthalpy, so that the fluid from the wells is only steam, and no separation of brine and steam is needed. Then all the well fluid can be directly expanded trough a turbine (dry steam cycle). If the enthalpy of the geothermal fluid is low, then the steam generated in a flash cycle will not have sufficient quality for power production. The ORC technology is used to produce power from such sources. Power generated from geothermal heat is divided on the various power plant types as shown in Figure 1. The ORC plants are usually smaller that the flash plants. The average size of a geothermal ORC plant is around 5 MW. The number of geothermal power plants of each type is shown on Figure 2. The ORC technology traces its origins back to early last century. The first application of ORC in a geothermal application was a research plant in Paratunka, Kamchatka in 1967. The first geothermal ORC turbine built by Atlas Copco started operations in 1982 in East Mesa, California. A photo of this turbine is shown on Figure 3. 1PDF Image | Medium-Enthalpy Geothermal Resources and Financial Aspects
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