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2.2. Solar power plant Concentrating solar power is a well-proven technology: the sun is tracked and reflected on a linear or on a punctual collector, transferring heat to a fluid at high temperature. The heat is then transferred to a power cycle generating electricity. The three main concentrating technologies are the parabolic dish, the solar tower, and the parabolic though. Parabolic dishes and solar towers are punctual concentration technologies, leading to a higher concentration factor and to higher temperature. The best suited power cycles for these technologies are the Stirling engine (small-scale plants), the steam cycle, or even the combined cycle, for solar towers. Parabolic troughs work at a lower temperature (300°C to 400°C). Up to now, they were mainly coupled to the traditional steam Rankine cycle for power generation (see for example Steinhagen, 2004). The same limitation as in geothermal or biomass power plants remains: steam cycles need high temperature, high pressures, and therefore high installed power in order to be profitable. Organic Rankine cycles seem to be a promising technology in a view to decrease plant size and investment costs. They can work at lower temperatures, and the total installed power can be reduced down to the kW scale. Technologies such as Fresnel linear concentrators (Ford, 2008) are particularly suitable for solar ORC’s since they require lower investment cost, but work at a lower temperature. Up to now, very few CSP plants using ORC are available on the market: - - - A 1MWe CSP plant working with ORC was completed in 2006 in Arizona. The ORC module was provided by ORMAT, uses n-pentane as the working fluid and shows an efficiency of 20 %. The global solar to electricity efficiency is 12.1% on the design point (Canada, 2004). A 250 KWe prototype plant was built in Germany in 2005 by GMK. It should be noted that, although this plant aims at simulating a solar system, the heat source was provided by a natural gas boiler. The electrical efficiency of the system was about 15%. Some very small-scale systems are actually studied for remote off-grid applications. Figure 2 shows a 1 KWe system installed in Lesotho by the “Solar Turbine Group” for rural electrification. The goal of this project is to develop and implement a small scale solar thermal technology utilizing medium temperature collectors and an ORC to achieve economics analogous to large- scale solar thermal installations. This configuration aims at replacing or supplementing Diesel generators in off-grid areas of developing countries, by generating clean power at a lower levelized cost (~$0.12/kWh compared to ~$0.30/kWh for Diesel) (Quoilin et Al., 2008). Figure 2 Solar ORC in field trials in Lesotho, southern Africa 2007 (Solar Turbine Group) Figure 3 Tradeoff between collector and ORC efficiency It is worthwhile to note that the choice of the temperature in the collector results of a tradeoff between collector efficiency and ORC efficiency (Figure 3): Increasing the temperature will lead to higher collector ambient heat losses, but also to a higher conversion efficiency.PDF Image | Technological and Economical Survey of Organic Rankine Cycle Systems
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