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(Murphy & Hall, 2010) stated that larger system boundaries lead to lower calculated EROI values. Murphy introduced EROIstnd as a common benchmark to be used across all studies, on top of any other EROI values that are calculated. EROI EROI, (2) This equation includes the direct and indirect energy material inputs for the extraction of the energy resource. A further analysis, EROI3,i includes consideration for the processing and distribution costs such as transformers and power lines to connect an electrical plant to the grid. EROI, (3) Figure (1) depicts this as the net energy distributed by the system (which accounts for ), divided by the direct (S) and indirect (S) costs drawn from the economy in order to produce and distribute this energy. A study into the EROI of the Nesjavellir geothermal steam power plant in Iceland has recently been published (Atlason & Unnthorsson, 2013). The Nesjavellir power plant produces 120 MW gross electricity and 300 MW of hot water as a co-product, delivered as district heating. The power plant was constructed by Icelandic engineering firms and commissioned in 1990. Nesjavellir provides an interesting opportunity for comparison, as it is a large power plant using a proven technology that also required a large amount of infrastructure to be built in order to supply the electricity and hot water to its customers. 1.2 Study Procedure In order to be compared with Nesjavellir, the two case studies in this analysis are performed using a similar framework to the study by (Atlason & Unnthorsson, 2013). The EROIstnd and EROI3,i are calculated in this study. Decommissioning energy costs are not included in the study, in line with the Nesjavellir study. A limitation of high level energy analysis is the availability of energy data. As pricing information is usually more available than energy data, it was often necessary to estimate the energy embodied in a part or service by using an energy intensity conversion. This conversion relates that average amount of MJ required per dollar spent within various industries. denominator (S1 in Figure 1). This study uses the “investors’ view” as given in (Weißbach et al., 2013), where parasitic energy used at the plant is taken from the numerator, E. This differs from the Nesjavellir study, and so the results are adjusted for comparison in Section 5. 1.3 Binary power generation system The power cycle investigated in the study is the binary (ORC) geothermal cycle. The study investigates small scale units to estimate the reduction in EROI resulting from inefficiencies in small scale electricity production. ORCs were chosen as they are more commonly used then steam for small scale, distributed production (DiPippo, 2011). Both the case studies investigate UTC PureCycle turbines as they are intended to utilize the potential advantages of smaller scale production. United Technologies advertise the PureCycle turbine as being relatively affordable, as 92% of its hardware is adopted from the existing mass-produced Carrier refrigeration line (UTC Pratt & Whitney, 2009). 2. CASE STUDY 1 - WAIKITE The Waikite site was chosen for a comparative analysis as it is uniquely situated near electricity infrastructure and an existing hot water use. This means that connection of the plant requires negligible power line and hot water piping development, which accounted for about a third of the total embodied energy in the Nesjavellir study. The Waikite site uses a hot (97°C) water spring, and so no geothermal well drilling will be necessary for the project. The Waikite plant is intended to use low-ODP R245fa refrigerant. While no power plant at the Waikite site has actually been constructed, a feasibility analysis was performed by East Harbour Energy (White, 2009), with funding from EECA. Prices quoted in the study were in NZD, converted from USD at an exchange rate of 0.62 USD/NZD where applicable. Table 1) Capital budget for the proposed Waikite plant. Costs are in 2009 NZD and USD. Adapted From(White, 2009). $ $∙ $ (4) Plant Capital Cost Planning Generation Plant UTC Genset, cooling tower, spares Building incl. foundations Pumps, Pipework and balance of plant Consultancy and project management Contingency Electrical Connection and controls Transformers Wiring/Switchgear Consulting Fees Controls and Instrumentation Contingency NZD USD $135,000 $83,700 $1,048,000 $649,760 $781,000 $484,220 $95,000 $58,900 $48,000 $29,760 $44,500 $27,590 $80,000 $49,600 $120,000 $74,400 $50,000 $31,000 $25,000 $15,500 $10,000 $6,200 $10,000 $6,200 $25,000 $15,500 $1,114,000 $690,680 $1,303,500 $808,170 Equation (4) shows a significant limitation of this analysis, as it assumes that every dollar spent has the same energy intensity. The most suitable figure for a conversion rate found was in a paper by (Murphy et al., 2011), who quoted 14 MJ/$ in the U.S heavy and energy industry in 2005. The energy intensity figure was adjusted for inflation where necessary by using the U.S. consumer price index (B. o. L. Statistics, 2013) as recommended in (Murphy et al., 2011). Prices quoted in NZD were converted to USD by using the exchange rate at the time of quotation. The PureCycle turbines investigated are manufactured in the U.S. by United Technologies (UTC Pratt & Whitney, 2009). A key aspect of EROI analysis is whether the energy produced by the cycle that is used in the process (system pumps etc.), is to be included in the numerator or Total Energy Budget Total Capital Budget Capital 35th New Zealand Geothermal Workshop: 2013 Proceedings 17 – 20 November 2013 Rotorua, New ZealandPDF Image | LOW-TEMPERATURE HEAT SOURCES USING ORC
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