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ENERGY RETURN ON INVESTMENT (EROI) FOR DISTRIBUTED POWER GENERATION FROM LOW-TEMPERATURE HEAT SOURCES USING THE ORGANIC RANKINE CYCLE Michael Southon1 and Susan Krumdieck2 1,2Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand 1michael.southon@pg.canterbury.ac.nz 2 susan.krumdieck@canterbury.ac.nz Keywords: Energy Return on Energy Invested (EROI, EROEI), Net Energy, Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC), Binary Cycle, Embodied Energy. ABSTRACT Energy Return on (Energy) Investment, EROI, is a measure of the future energy benefit from energy expenditure. EROI can be used in addition to price signals to determine how an energy technology should inform energy policy. Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) technologies are employed in a wide variety of plant sizes, designs and locations. The relationship between the capital cost of an energy generation technology and its EROI is non-linear, which suggests ORC technology has a wide range of possible EROI values depending on its design and size. This paper investigates the EROI of two ORC electricity generation plants and evaluates this against other technologies. The first part of the paper investigates two ORC power plants as case studies. This investigation is to produce an estimate of the energy input required to build the plants and the resulting EROI. The second part of the paper briefly evaluates the calculated EROI compared to other technologies, and how this comparative energy cost might inform energy policy. 1. EROI ANALYSIS The Energy Return on Investment (EROI) is the ratio of the energy delivered to society over the energy required to produce that energy delivery. EROI (1) EROI is used to compare the quality of different energy technologies, as it shows the magnitude of the yield from an investment in terms of energy. EROI has been demonstrated as a measure of an energy source’s capacity to facilitate net growth (Cleveland, Costanza, Hall, & Kaufmann, 1984). Figure 1) The energy - economy system as defined in this paper. Adapted from (Dale, 2010). The EROI figure is can be used to compare the value of a technology outside of economic influences such as subsidies, government provisions and discount factors. EROI analysis is intended to highlight the change in level of investment necessary to extract energy over time. (C. W. King & Hall, 2011) Through its relation to economies, it is expected that smaller, distributed systems of power generation will have a smaller EROI. These systems usually come at a greater cost than large, centralised systems. The extra expense of smaller systems can sometimes be mitigated through the reuse of existing materials. 1.1 General Methodology Recent studies on EROI have been found to use a range of methodologies. The methodology a specific analysis uses is often chosen to best compare relevant aspects of a certain technology. An attempt has been made by (Mulder & Hagens, 2008) to define a standard methodology for EROI analysis. Included in this methodology are various categories of EROI based on the chosen system boundary. This methodology was further refined by (Murphy et al., 2011), who presented a more detailed definition of system boundaries. A simplified description of these system boundaries is detailed in Figure (2) below. The designations “d,i,lab,aux and env” represent direct, indirect, labour, auxiliary and environmental input from the economy. The simplest EROI calculations only investigate direct and indirect inputs. The system boundaries “1,2,3” represent the boundary levels extraction, processing and distribution respectively. 35th New Zealand Geothermal Workshop: 2013 Proceedings 17 – 20 November 2013 Rotorua, New Zealand Figure 2) Model of energy - economy system showing system boundaries for EROI analysis. Adapted from (Murphy, Hall, Dale, & Cleveland, 2011)PDF Image | LOW-TEMPERATURE HEAT SOURCES USING ORC
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