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energy source is vibration (piezoelectric). These devices can generate energy only when there is vibration. If the source of the vibration stops, e.g. the railcar stops moving or the air compressor stops, the energy stops flowing. The difference in temperature needed by a TEG to generate energy can be a few degrees Celsius, but more is better. Two components are responsible for providing uninterrupted power to the connected circuitry: the energy harvester and possibly a secondary backup supply, e.g. a battery or supercapacitor. In those instances where there are backup supplies, the main purpose of the backup is to store generated energy when it is not being used immediately by the circuitry. With the constant replenishment of the backup supply by the energy harvester, the harvested energy can quite literally become perpetual. Energy is converted into electrical potential from the transfer of “Waste Heat” across the TEG. Increases in heat transfer across the TEG generate greater electrical energy. ENERGY MANAGEMENT Harvesting energy using a thermoelectric generator is the essential first step in delivering power to a WSN or low-powered device. Managing this energy effectively is the next critical design element. Energy management is responsible for the following critical system functions: • Deliver a regulated voltage that is between a maximum and a minimum specified level • Protect the circuits from variations in voltage/current levels • Monitor the actual energy that is being harvested from the TEG, the stored energy, or both sources The combination of the TEG and the energy management system acts like a simple battery from the perspective of the WSN or other low-powered electronics. This engineering design makes for adopting renewable energy as simple as using a battery. No extra design efforts are required on the wireless sensor, just affix the thermoelectric device to a warm surface and then plus it into the wireless senor for continuous energy. PRODUCT DESIGNS While the basic concept of thermoelectric technology has been known for almost two centuries, the efficient generation of electricity utilizing the Seebeck effect is now possible. Using advanced knowledge of material science, heat transfer, and semiconductor design and manufacturing techniques, new products and applications for the technology are in the works. As with the number of transistors in an integrated circuit, the size of individual thermocouples and the ability to transfer heat across these devices has been rapidly changing. Smaller and smaller devices using smaller temperature differences are able to generate higher voltages. Capitalizing on these scientific advances and developing manufacturing techniques will produce new lines of TEGs that will be able to power the ever increasing number of lower-powered devices. ABOUT PERPETUA POWER SOURCE TECHNOLOGIES, INC. Perpetua designs, manufactures, and markets advanced renewable energy solutions that enable our customers to develop, deploy, and benefit from next-generation wireless sensor applications. © 2012 Perpetua Power Source Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Perpetua, and Power Puck are trademarks or registered trademarks of Perpetua Power Source Technologies, Inc. 2PDF Image | Introduction to Thermolelectric Energy Harvesting
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