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WHITE PAPER / THERMOELECTRIC TECHNOLOGY An Introduction to Thermolelectric Energy Harvesting Based upon the Seebeck effect, thermoelectric generators (TEGs) convert temperature differences across dissimilar materials into an electrical potential, or voltage. TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW The Seebeck effect, named for German physicist Thomas Johann Seebeck, is the conversion of temperature differences directly into electricity. In 1821, Seebeck discovered that a compass needle would be deflected by a closed loop formed by two different metals joined in two places, with a temperature difference between the junctions— a thermocouple. The metals responded differently to the temperature difference, creating a current loop and a magnetic field. While the voltage created by this effect is small per degree difference, the renewable energy generated by this effect can be harvested to power low-powered electronics such as wireless sensor networks (WSNs). TEGs have no moving parts. The deep space probes used in the NASA Voyager missions have used TEGs reliably for over 30 years with no maintenance calls! HARVESTING THE TEMERATURE DIFFERENCE The key determinant of thermoelectric energy is the availability of a temperature difference and the flow of heat from the warmer side to the cooler side. Renewable energy can be harvested with available heat and temperature differences from many sources. It’s easy to imagine flowing of waste heat being converted to renewable energy from factory equipment such as pumps and motors, steam pipes used in HVAC, or from pipes used to extract moisture in industrial drying processes. Less conventional, but very usable waste heat can also be captured from the human body. Heat from the human body will power some of the most novel, life-changing new sensor products. Thermoelectric-based products overcome the limitations of batteries and other sources of renewable power, such as solar power. Where there is a temperature difference and heat flow, energy can be harvested. POWER SOURCE A battery, which is actually an energy storage device, can supply electrical power to drive low-power sensors and transmitters, BUT the amount of energy stored in a battery is limited. Just like a car running on gasoline, the engine will stop running when the gasoline is gone. Of course, as with cars and fuel efficiency, some sensor systems can operate on battery power longer than others, but no matter how efficient, all battery-powered devices will run out of power. When this happens the battery will need to be both replaced and disposed of – most of the time ending up in a landfill. With a thermoelectric generator, electricity is being generated as long as there is a temperature difference. A solar cell is another form of renewable energy, but in the case of solar, electricity is only generated when there is sunlight. A third possible 1749 SW Airport Ave. Corvallis, OR 97333 Tel: 1.503.922.3169 Fax: 1.541.360.0210 Perpetua Sales sales@perpetuapower.com Asia asia@perpetuapower.com For more information, visit: www.perpetuapower.com 1PDF Image | Introduction to Thermolelectric Energy Harvesting
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