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not focus on LTG heat because the plant output typically is much smaller than moderate to high temperature geothermal power plants. The Chena geothermal project is an example of a successful LTG electrical generation. Chena shows that it is possible to design an ORC for a low temperature resource without commissioning the usual large geothermal ORC design companies. The Chena geothermal power plant produces 400 kWe of electricity and can produce it at 5 cents per kWh [3]. The success of Chena is largely due to the very low ambient temperatures in Alaska which provide a sufficient temperature difference. The leading provider of ORCs for the geothermal industry is Ormat [1]. The Ormat Energy Converter (OEC) is the ORC used at all of the binary plants in New Zealand. The ORC provided by Ormat is a flexible device that has been configured to operate from various geothermal sources. The Rotokawa plant uses three OECs which utilize both the exhaust steam of a 14MW back pressure turbine and the brine from the separator to produce another 15MW gross power [4], while the Wairakei binary plant only uses separated geothermal brine to generate an extra 14MW [5]. The OECs for these two plants are different because at Wairakei the heat source is all liquid while the Rotokawa OECs utilize both the steam and the liquid resource. Recently, however, there has been growth in the industry with other international companies developing their own ORC technology [2]. One of these companies is Atlas Copco which has designed an ORC for a geothermal power plant in Turkey using their unique radial expander technology, with a capacity to generate 50MW of electricity [6]. The company that designed the ORC discussed in this report is United Technologies Center (UTC) who used the PureCycle waste-to-electricity device that was developed using air conditioning equipment from their sister company Carrier refrigeration [7]. 1.3 Guidelines of the ORC Design Standard The Above Ground Geothermal Allied Technologies (AGGAT) standard is being developed as an industry tool for ORC design. The final product is intended to be an accepted standard that can be easily used by industry. The current status of the standard is best described as a statement of guidelines as it is still in the very early stages of development. This paper looks at how closely a successful project matches the proposed guidelines. Figure 2 shows the proposed four main steps for the standard but this should not be interpreted as a standard in anyway at this point in the development. Standards are available for a number of different types of power plants and they are designed to support the design engineer in decision making. There is currently no standard for the unique aspects of an ORC such as the working fluid selection and turbine options. A number of current standards can be used for certain aspects of the ORC design but a comprehensive standard could help minimize risks and encourage more development of LTG electricity generation. The eventual standard would also ensure the final product quality matches ORCs built elsewhere as the ISO states that ‘Standards consistently provide requirements, specifications, and guidelines for product design and ensure the product is fit for purpose’ [8]. The British Standards Institute defines a standard as: ‘A standard is distilled wisdom of people with expertise in the subject matter’ [9]. Once there is enough evidence that these guidelines best suit ORC development then experienced engineers can supply the finer technical aspects for the development of a standard Prospect Feasibility Design Construction Figure 2. The main steps in the proposed standard 1.3.1 Thematic Analysis The key steps suggested in Figure 2 were used to develop initial guidelines for ORC project design which eventually can be used to develop a standard. The first goal of this research is to develop robust guidelines that can be identified by studying a number of ORC projects. A qualitative analysis of a number of geothermal ORC project should uncover patterns that each project follows. A thematic analysis suits this type of investigation as it has been developed to identify themes and patterns in data and the sources of data available also suit a qualitative analysis. A thematic analysis codes the research material into recurring themes and identifies patterns in different material. The exact number of case studies required to confirm the themes identified is unknown; however, it should start to become obvious once each new case study starts to show the same patterns. Figure 3 shows the sources of possible data for the thematic analysis. It is likely that some of details required for a complete analysis may be confidential but a basic overview at this point may still help in setting up guidelines. Site Visits Case Studies Build and Test a Small ORC Low Temperature Geothermal Design Standard Figure 3. Sources of possible information for the thematic analysis to develop a Low Temperature Geothermal design standard. 2. POSSIBLE STANDARD The following sections describe possible key steps that could be included in a standard. The steps discussed here should not be treated as a finished standard but instead they provide guidelines for the key aspects involved in a LTG ORC project. 2.1 Prospecting There have been four key steps identified in the development of an ORC. The first step is the prospecting stage, the point of which is to assess the available heat resource and to decide whether or not an ORC is the best option. Figure 4 shows the key steps of the prospecting stage with a decision gate to decide early on if there is a likely 35th New Zealand Geothermal Workshop: 2013 Proceedings 17 – 20 November 2013 Rotorua, New Zealand InterviewsPDF Image | DEVELOPMENT OF A LOW TEMPERATURE GEOTHERMAL ORGANIC RANKINE
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