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Figure 4. Geopressured geothermal system. (Bebout, et al., 1978) pressure much greater than hydrostatic. Thermal waters un- der high pressure in sand aquifers are the target for drilling, mainly as they contain dissolved methane. The source of en- ergy available from this type of resource consists of: (1) heat; (2) mechanical energy; and, (3) methane. The Texas and Louisiana Gulf Coast in the United States has been tested for the geothermal energy; however, due to the great depths of several kilometers, they have not proved economic. Radiogenic resources (Fig. 5) are found where granitic intrusions are near surface heating up the local groundwater from the decay of radioactive thorium, potassium and ura- nium. This localized heating increases the normal geother- mal gradient providing hot water at economical drilling depths. This type of resource occurs along the eastern Unit- ed States, but has not been developed commercially. Figure 5. Radiogenic geothermal system. (Anderson & Lund, 1979) Hot dry rock resources (Fig. 6a & b) are defined as heat stored in rocks within about 10 km of the surface from which energy cannot be economically extracted by natural hot wa- ter or steam. These hot rocks have few pore space, or frac- tures, and therefore, contain little water and little or no inter- connected permeability. In order to extract the heat, experi- mental projects have artificially fractured the rock by hy- draulic pressure, followed by circulating cold water down one well to extract the heat from the rocks and then produc- ing from a second well in a closed system. Early experimen- tal projects were undertaken at Fenton Hill (Valdes Caldera) in northern New Mexico and on Cornwall in southwest Eng- GHC BULLETIN, JUNE 2007 Figure 6a. Hot dry rock exploitation. land; however both of these projects have been abandoned due to lack of funds and poor results. Projects are currently underway in Soultz-sous-Forêt in the Rhine Graben on the French-German border, in Switzerland at Basil and Zurich, in Germany at Bad Urach, several locations in Japan, and in the Cooper Basin of Australia (Tenzer, 2001). Molten rock or magma resources have been drilled in Hawaii experimentally to extract heat energy directly from molten rock. It has been used successfully at Heimaey in Iceland (one of the Westmann Islands) after the 1973 erup- tion. A heat exchanger constructed on the surface of the lava flow recovered steam resulting from boiling of downward percolation water from the surface. The heat was used in a space heating system for over 10 years; but, is now shut down due to cooling of the surrounding rock.PDF Image | CHARACTERISTICS, DEVELOPMENT AND UTILIZATION GEOTHERMAL
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